Table 3.
Childhood Psychotic Symptoms and Risk of Adverse Functional Outcomes at Age 18 Years
| Young-Adult Outcomes | Model 1a | Model 2b | Model 3c | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | P Value | RR (95% CI) | P Value | RR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Psychosocial | ||||||
| Low life satisfaction | 1.88 (1.42, 2.49) | <.001 | 1.78 (1.33, 2.37) | <.001 | 1.65 (1.19, 2.27) | .002 |
| Loneliness | 1.83 (1.48, 2.26) | <.001 | 1.77 (1.42, 2.19) | <.001 | 1.44 (1.11, 1.87) | .005 |
| Social isolation | 1.65 (1.22, 2.22) | .001 | 1.56 (1.15, 2.11) | .004 | 1.41 (1.02, 1.94) | .035 |
| Parenthood | 3.46 (1.02, 11.75) | .046 | 3.57 (1.05, 12.12) | .041 | 4.97 (1.50, 16.50) | .009 |
| Physical health | ||||||
| Risky sexual behaviors | 1.53 (1.19, 1.97) | .001 | 1.40 (1.09, 1.80) | .007 | 1.37 (1.03,1.84) | .033 |
| Overweight | 1.38 (1.05, 1.81) | .022 | 1.30 (0.99, 1.71) | .063 | 1.39 (1.05, 1.85) | .022 |
| Sleep problems | 1.42 (1.19, 1.69) | <.001 | 1.40 (1.18, 1.66) | <.001 | 1.36 (1.12, 1.66) | .002 |
| Socioeconomic | ||||||
| Low educational attainment | 1.94 (1.50, 2.50) | <.001 | 1.33 (1.08,1.64) | .007 | 1.31 (1.01, 1.70) | .040 |
| NEET status | 1.87 (1.21, 2.90) | .005 | 1.44 (0.97, 2.14) | .067 | 1.41 (0.89, 2.22) | .145 |
| Criminal cautions/convictions | 1.40 (0.87, 2.25) | .164 | 0.99 (0.64, 1.53) | .954 | 1.08 (0.63, 1.84) | .783 |
| Violent offence | 1.63 (0.79, 3.37) | .184 | 1.10 (0.56, 2.16) | .786 | 1.25 (0.59, 2.66) | .555 |
| Nonviolent offence | 1.47 (0.83, 2.60) | .186 | 1.00 (0.60, 1.68) | .990 | 1.11 (0.62, 2.00) | .723 |
| Cumulative score for functional outcomes | 1.62 (1.37, 1.90) | <.001 | 1.40 (1.21, 1.63) | <.001 | 1.36 (1.13, 1.62) | .001 |
Note: The N within each model is restricted to participants with non-missing data on all variables included in the multivariate models. The comparison group is those who did not have psychotic symptoms at age 12. The cumulative score for functional outcomes was derived by summing all of the dichotomized scores for the different functional outcomes. Statistically significant results (P < .05) are presented in bold text. CI, confidence interval; NEET, not in education, employment or training; RR, risk ratio derived using Poisson regression.
aModel 1: adjusted for the nonindependence of twin observations.
bModel 2: further adjusted for gender, age-5 IQ, and family socioeconomic status.
cModel 3: further adjusted for psychopathology at age 12, including depression, anxiety, self-harm/suicidal behavior, attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and conduct disorder.