Table 5.
The Effect of Unmeasured Familial Risk Factors in the Associations Between Childhood Psychotic Symptoms and Clinical and Functional Outcomes at Age 18 Years Within Twins in the Same Family
| Age-18 Outcomes | Fixed-Effects Bivariate Model | |
|---|---|---|
| RR (95% CI) | P Value | |
| Psychotic experiences | 1.17 (0.86,1.58) | .318 |
| Psychotic symptoms | 9.00 (1.14, 71.04) | .037 |
| Depression | 1.36 (0.87, 2.11) | .172 |
| Anxiety | 1.78 (0.87, 3.62) | .113 |
| Suicide attempt | 1.67 (0.64, 4.29) | .290 |
| Self-harm | 1.06 (0.63, 1.77) | .827 |
| Tobacco dependence | 1.00 (0.57, 1.75) | 1.000 |
| Cumulative score for mental health outcomes | 1.36 (1.02, 1.81) | .038 |
| Low life satisfaction | 1.53 (0.98, 2.37) | .061 |
| Loneliness | 1.82 (1.25, 2.64) | .002 |
| Parenthood | 0.50 (0.04, 5.51) | .571 |
| Risky sexual behaviors | 1.30 (0.90, 1.89) | .163 |
| Overweight | 1.32 (0.91, 1.91) | .146 |
| Sleep problems | 1.09 (0.84, 1.43) | .505 |
| Cumulative score for functional outcomes | 1.15 (0.95, 1.39) | .153 |
Note: The N within each model is restricted to participants with non-missing data on all variables included in the multivariate models. The comparison group is those who did not have psychotic symptoms at age 12. The cumulative score for mental health outcomes was derived by summing all of the dichotomized scores for the different mental health and substance use problems. The cumulative score for functional outcomes was derived by summing all of the dichotomized scores for the different functional outcomes. Statistically significant results (P < .05) are presented in bold text. CI, confidence interval; RR, risk ratio.