TABLE 1.
Characteristics of included studies1
| Reference | Year | Country | Participants, n | Study population | Hypertension definition | Blood sample | TMAO measure method | Study design | Study period |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tang-1 (24) | 2017 | USA | 1216 | Patients with T2DM | Hypertension history | Fasting plasma | LC-MS/MS | Single-center, prospective cohort | 2010–2017 |
| Senthong-1 (25) | 2016 | USA | 2235 | Patients with stable CAD | Hypertension history | Fasting plasma | HPLC-MS/MS | Single-center, prospective cohort | 2001–2007 |
| Liu (26) | 2018 | China | 90 | Patients with CAD (including ACS and stable angina) | Hypertension history | Fasting plasma | RRLC-QTOF/MS | Single-center, prospective cohort study | June 2012 to June 2014 |
| Tang-2 (27) | 2014 | USA | 720 | Patients with stable cardiac disease with a history of HF | Hypertension history | Fasting plasma | LC-MS/MS | Single-center, prospective cohort | 2001–2007 |
| Gruppen (28) | 2017 | The Netherlands | 5469 | Patients with modestly impaired renal function (urinary albumin concentration ≥10 mg/L) | SBP >140 mmHg, DBP >90 mmHg, and/or medication with antihypertensive agents | Fasting plasma | 1D-1H-CPMG | PREVEND cohort | 1997–2011 |
| Senthong-2 (29) | 2016 | USA | 821 | Patients with PAD | Hypertension history | Fasting plasma | HPLC-MS/MS | Single-center, prospective cohort study | 2001–2007 |
| Suzuki (30) | 2016 | UK | 972 | Patients with AHF | Hypertension history | N/A | HPLC-MS/MS | Single-center, prospective cohort study | Feb 2006 to Aug 2011 |
| Mafune (31) | 2016 | Japan | 227 | Patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery (CAD, valvular heart disease, aortic disease) | SBP ≥140 mmHg, DBP ≥90 mmHg, or medication with antihypertensive agents | Fasting serum | HPLC-APCI-MS/MS | Cross-sectional study | 28 Jan 2010 to 29 Oct 2010 |
ACS, acute coronary syndrome; AHF, acute heart failure; CAD, coronary artery disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HF, heart failure; HPLC-APCI-MS/MS, high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry; LC-MS/MS, stable isotope dilution liquid chromatography with online tandem mass spectrometry; N/A, not applicable; PAD, peripheral artery disease; PREVEND, Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease; RRLC-QTOF/MS, rapid-resolution liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry; SBP, systolic blood pressure; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide; T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus; 1D-1H-CPMG, 1-dimensional (1D) proton (1H) Carr–Purcell–Meiboom–Gill (CPMG) spectra using a deconvolution assay.