TABLE 2.
Characteristics of study population in the included studies1
| Reference | Age, y | Male, n (%) | BMI, kg/m2 | TMAO, μmol/L | eGFR, mL/(min · 1.73 m2) | Smoking, n (%) | Hypertension, n (%) | Diabetes, n (%) | Dyslipidemia, n (%) | ACEI or ARB use, n (%) | β-Blocker use, n (%) | Loop diuretics use, n (%) | GLD use, n (%) | LLD use, n (%) | Aspirin use, n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tang-1 (24) | 64.4 ± 10.2 | 705 (58.0) | N/A | 4.4 [2.8–7.7] | 82 [62–94] | 766 (63.0) | 961 (79.0) | 1216 (100.0) | N/A | 717 (59.0) | 803 (66.0) | N/A | 669 (55.0) | 778 (64.0)2 | 912 (75.0) |
| Senthong-1 (25) | 63 ± 11 | 1587 (71.0) | N/A | 3.8 [2.5–6.5] | 98.7 [74.4–125] | 1565 (70.0) | 1497 (67.0) | 782 (35.0) | N/A | 1229 (55.0) | 1565 (70.0) | N/A | N/A | 1587 (71.0)2 | 1810 (81.0) |
| Liu (26) | 57.9 ± 9.7 | 66 (73.3) | N/A | 1.53 [1.04–2.43] | 79.4 ± 14.8 | 33 (36.7) | 52 (57.8) | 35 (38.9) | N/A | 15 (16.7) | 22 (24.4) | N/A | N/A | 68 (75.6)2 | 78 (86.7) |
| Tang-2 (27) | 66 ± 10 | 425 (59.0) | 28.4 [25.1–33.1] | 5 [3.0–8.5] | 72[56–87] | N/A | 562 (78.1) | 295 (41.0) | N/A | 497 (69.0) | 497 (69.0) | 425 (59.0) | N/A | 439 (61.0)2 | 461 (64.0) |
| Gruppen (28) | 53.5 ± 12.0 | 2661 (48.6) | 26.68 ± 4.38 | 3.2 [1.71–5.70] | 96.7 ± 14.8 | 1511 (27.6) | 1811 (33.1) | 336 (6.1) | N/A | 1169 (21.4)3 | N/A | 523 (9.6) | N/A | ||
| Senthong-2 (29) | 66 ± 10 | 542 (66.0) | N/A | 4.8 [2.9–8] | 78.8 [59.4–90.9] | 608 (74.1) | 681 (83.0) | 353 (43.0) | N/A | 493 (60.0) | 566 (68.9) | N/A | N/A | 575 (70.0)2 | 624 (76.0) |
| Suzuki (30) | 78 [69–84] | 593 (61.0) | N/A | 5.6 [3.4–10.5] | 51 [39–67] | 93 (9.6) | 243 (25.0) | 329 (33.8) | 237 (24.4) | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
| Mafune (31) | 68 [61–74] | 158 (69.6) | 23 [21–25] | 3.07 {0.09–141.2} | N/A | 121 (53.3) | 177 (78.0) | 62 (27.3) | 117 (51.5) | 134 (59.0) | 81 (35.7) | N/A | 9 (4.0)4 | 79 (34.8)2 | N/A |
1
Data are n (%); mean ± SD; or median [IQR] or {range}. ACEI, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB, angiotensin receptor blocker; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; GLD, glucose-lowering drug; LLD, lipid-lowering drug; N/A: not applicable; TMAO, trimethylamine N-oxide.
2
Only statins.
3
All blood pressure–lowering drugs.
4
Only insulin.