Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Principles of Mendelian randomization (MR) and the assumptions required to obtain an unbiased causal effect estimate. The three assumptions are: (1) genetic variants used as instrumental variables are only associated with the modifiable risk factor (X); (2) genetic variants only influence the risk of developing glioma (Y) through the modifiable risk factor (X); (3) genetic variants are not associated with any measured or unmeasured confounders.
