Table 2.
Summary of the statistical significance of all group comparisons.
| DCIS serum (n = 9) Mean ± SE |
EBC serum (n = 17) Mean ± SE |
MBC serum (n = 17) Mean ± SE |
p value | DCIS exosomes (n = 9) Mean ± SE |
EBC exosomes (n = 17) Mean ± SE |
MBC exosomes (n = 17) Mean ± SE |
p value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MIP-3 alpha | 15 ± 4.5 | 8 ± 3.3 | 22 ± 7 | 0.118 | 75 ± 20.5 | 75 ± 28.3 | 8 ± 1.5 | 0.001 |
| IL-23 | – | – | – | 1 | 2,506 ± 898.1 | 1,482 ± 590.1 | 185 ± 19.5 | 0.002 |
| M-CSF | – | – | – | 1 | 122 ± 37.1 | 61 ± 16.9 | 11 ± 4.5 | 0.002 |
| Eotaxin-3 | – | – | – | 1 | 47 ± 9.6 | 39 ± 12.7 | 6 ± 0.9 | 0.003 |
| BLC | 183 ± 35 | 156 ± 21.9 | 217 ± 47.2 | 0.500 | 69 ± 12 | 39 ± 5.7 | 33 ± 4.1 | 0.008 |
| SDF-1 alpha | 931 ± 110.3 | 672 ± 29.2 | 752 ± 73.6 | 0.090 | 536 ± 43.7 | 692 ± 51.2 | 439 ± 61 | 0.010 |
| IL-2R | – | – | 25 ± 25.1 | 0.479 | 1825 ± 277 | 998 ± 168.9 | 819 ± 181.8 | 0.012 |
| MDC | 112 ± 13.6 | 92 ± 9.2 | 84 ± 14.6 | 0.279 | 51 ± 13.6 | 25 ± 4.8 | 14 ± 2.5 | 0.012 |
| FGF-2 | – | – | – | 1 | 181 ± 31.8 | 97 ± 20.2 | 79 ± 14.1 | 0.036 |
| IL-22 | – | – | 7 ± 7.4 | 0.479 | 68 ± 17.1 | 35 ± 9.9 | 36 ± 15.5 | 0.041 |
| IL-31 | – | – | – | 1 | 145 ± 38.5 | 57 ± 20.2 | 35 ± 14.9 | 0.044 |
| APRIL | 1777 ± 619.7 | 819 ± 89.9 | 876 ± 116.3 | 0.103 | 1,071 ± 370.2 | 608 ± 86.6 | 457 ± 98.9 | 0.056 |
| G-CSF | 0 ± 0 | 1 ± 1.2 | 0 ± 0 | 0.479 | 439 ± 76.5 | 290 ± 65 | 217 ± 29.3 | 0.057 |
| MCP-1 | 52 ± 10.5 | 38 ± 4.4 | 80 ± 13.3 | 0.006 | 5 ± 1 | 2 ± 0.6 | 1 ± 0.5 | 0.010 |
| MIF | 36 ± 3.8 | 41 ± 2.1 | 49 ± 2.7 | 0.013 | 15 ± 2.3 | 15 ± 3.1 | 11 ± 1.2 | 0.304 |
Serum and exosomal cytokines between different groups were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The unit of measurement is in pg/mL.
DCIS ductal carcinoma in situ, EBC early breast cancer, MBC metastatic breast cancer.