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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 13.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Immunol. 2020 Jul 13;21(9):1022–1033. doi: 10.1038/s41590-020-0725-2

Figure 4. Endogenous antioxidants are required for T cell proliferation.

Figure 4.

(a) Effects of β-mercaptoethanol (βME) supplementation on T cell proliferation during acute (upper panel) and chronic (lower panel) stimulation. (b) Effects of βME supplementation on intracellular accumulation of IFN-γ and TNF following re-stimulation with PMA and ionomycin of acutely and chronically stimulated T cells. (c) Effects of extracellular cysteine availability on T cell proliferation during acute (left) and chronic (right) stimulation. (d) Effects of extracellular cysteine availability on PD-1 expression as measured by flow cytometry following re-stimulation with PMA and ionomycin of acutely and chronically stimulated T cells. (e) Quantification of clonogenic B16 cells following 24 h of co-culture with acutely or chronically stimulated OT-I T cells in media containing nutrients at the indicated concentrations. (f) Expression of TCF-1 and TOX of acutely stimulated T cells with or without the addition of BSO or diamide following two days of initial stimulation. P values were calculated by or one-way ANOVA with Sidak’s multiple comparisons post-test (a,e) or unpaired, two-sided Student’s t-test (c-d). Data are presented as the mean ± s.d. of n=3 biologically independent samples from a representative experiment. *P<0.05, **P<0.01, ****P<0.0001.