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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Jan 13.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Immunol. 2020 Jul 13;21(9):1022–1033. doi: 10.1038/s41590-020-0725-2

Figure 6. Antioxidants restore the proliferation and self-renewal of chronically stimulated T cells.

Figure 6.

(a) Population doublings of acutely (above) and chronically (below) stimulated T cells in media with or without the addition of N-AC as indicated. (b) Principal component analysis of RNA-sequencing of T cells acutely or chronically stimulated with or without N-AC during chronic stimulation. Bar graphs depict genes significantly contributing to variance. (c) Expression of TCF-1 and TOX in acutely or chronically stimulated T cells with or without N-AC during chronic stimulation as indicated. (d) Gene set enrichment plot showing that chronically stimulated T cells cultured in the presence of N-AC are significantly enriched for genes associated with progenitor Texh (left) and significantly depleted of genes associated with terminal Texh (right)8. P values were calculated by unpaired, two-sided Student’s t-test (a) or based on 1,000 permutations by the GSEA algorithm and not adjusted for multiple comparisons (d). Data are presented as the mean ± s.d. of n=3 biologically independent samples from a representative experiment. ****P<0.0001.