Table III.
Pathogen detections within BIPAD
| Swab number and pathogen detection | Patients with PAD (n = 41) | Controls (n = 38) | Odds ratio (95% CI) | P value (Fisher exact test) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of swabs | 870 | 626 | — | — |
| Total number of pathogen detections per group, positive swab fraction (%) | 436 (50.1) | 198 ((31.6) | 2.17 (1.75-2.69) | <.0001 |
| Viral detection | 266 (30.6) | 87 (13.9) | 2.73 (2.09-3.57) | <.0001 |
| Bacterial detection | 279 (32.1) | 141 (22.5) | 1.62 (1.28-2.06) | <.0001 |
| Dual positive virus and bacteria | 109 (12.5) | 30 (4.8) | 2.85 (1.87-4.32) | <.0001 |
| HRV | 179 (20.6) | 42 (6.7) | 3.60 (2.53-5.13) | <.0001 |
| Coronavirus | 27 (3.1) | 12 (1.9) | 1.64 (0.824-3.26) | .188 |
| Parainfluenza | 25 (2.9) | 6 (1.0) | 3.06 (1.25-7.50) | .0098 |
| Human metapneumovirus | 16 (1.8) | 13 (2.1) | 0.883 (0.422-1.85) | .850 |
| Influenza | 13 (1.5) | 9 (1.4) | 1.04 (0.442-2.45) | >.999 |
| Enterovirus | 10 (1.1) | 6 (1.0) | 1.20 (0.434-3.32) | .803 |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | 7 (0.8) | 3 (0.3) | 1.68 (0.434-6.54) | .535 |
| Adenovirus | 7 (0.8) | 2 (0.3) | 2.53 (0.524-12.2) | .319 |
| Hemophilus influenzae | 182 (20.9) | 28 (4.5) | 5.65 (3.74-8.54) | <.0001 |
| Streptococcus pneumoniae | 44 (5.1) | 16 (2.6) | 2.03 (1.14-3.63) | .0159 |
| Mycoplasmapneumoniae | 0 | 0 | — | — |
| Moraxella catarrhalis | 115 (13.2) | 110 (17.6) | 0.715 (0.538-0.950) | .0229 |
Bold indicates statistical significance (P < .05).