FIGURE 4.

Vancomycin treatment impairs humoral immunity induced by rabies vaccine and bacterial community composition. A,B, Mice were treated with a single antibiotic for 28 days prior to and during rabies vaccination (Untreated mice, n = 9, Vancomycin‐treated mice, n = 9, Metronidazole‐treated mice, n = 9, Ampicillin‐treated mice, n = 9, Neomycin‐treated mice, n = 9). Antibody titers were determined by (A) FAVN test or (B) ELISA. Error bars in the graphs represent standard error (^* P < .05; ^** P < .01; Student's t‐test). C‐F, Composition of microbiota in untreated or vancomycin‐treated mice (Untreated mice, n = 9, Vancomycin‐treated mice, n = 9). C, Relative abundance of specific bacterial phyla in untreated and vancomycin‐treated mice. D,E, Alpha diversity and beta diversity of the bacterial community. Sobs index based on Wilcoxon Rank‐Sum Test at the OTU level and principal coordinate analyses (PCoA) based on Bray‐Curtis dissimilarity illustrates the composition of stool microbiota in untreated and vancomycin‐treated mice