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. 2020 Aug 21;11:4179. doi: 10.1038/s41467-020-17977-w

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© The Author(s) 2020

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Subjects were tasked with playing a game that had a cover story involving flying a spaceship through asteroid belts. Each asteroid belt featured two locations that could potentially contain escape holes (safety zones), and subjects were instructed to aim to fly their spaceship through these to gain the highest number of points. Subjects were only able to move the spaceship in the Y-dimension, while asteroid belts moved towards the spaceship. The probability of each zone being safe varied over the course of the task but this could be learned, and learning this probability facilitated performance. b Screenshot of the task, showing the spaceship, an asteroid belt with a hole in the lower safety zone (safety zone B), a representation of the spaceship’s integrity (shown by the coloured bar in the top left corner) and the current score.