Table 1.
Use of silver nanoparticles in the prevention and arrest of the dental caries.
| Author/year | Type of study and intended effect on caries | Assessment method/combined strategy | Particle size (nm) and shape/method of obtaining | Outcome |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Targino et al. [37] 2014 | Experimental in vitro caries prevention | UV-visible, TEM, MIC 399.33 µg/ml AgNPs, 2,334 µg/mL chitosan, and 10,147 µg/ml NaF | 5.9 ± 3.8, spherical chemical synthesis | NSF is a promising anticaries agent, with low toxicity and the potential advantage of not to stain teeth black |
| Scarpelli et al. [45] 2017 | Experimental in vitro caries prevention | Microhardness testing (knoop-type penetrator (KHN)) superficial and internal, ADT MIC 0.016% AgNO3, and sodium citrate | NA NA green synthesis | Ag-nano remineralized deciduous dental enamel and better bactericidal activity; it does not cause darkening in demineralized teeth |
| Santos et al. [4] 2014 | Controlled clinical trial caries arresting | ICDAS II 376.5 µg/ml AgNPs, 28,585 µg/ml chitosan, and 5028.3 µg/ml NaF | 3.2 ± 1.2, spherical chemical synthesis | NFS is effective to arrest active dentine caries in deciduous teeth and not to stain teeth with one application per year |
| Butrón-Téllez Girón et al. [46] 2017 | Controlled clinical trial caries prevention | UV-visible, TEM DIAGNOdent® AgNPs (powder), and Fluor Protector Varnish® at 0.1 %wt | 46 pseudospherical chemical synthesis | Fluoride varnish with AgNPs was better in the dental remineralization than conventional varnish |
| Salas-López et al. [47] 2017 | Controlled clinical trial caries prevention | DIAGNOdent® AgNPs 98 µg/ml and ClinproTM pit, an fissure sealant | 40–80 NA chemical synthesis | AgNPs added sealant increased remineralization in permanent first molars compared to the conventional sealant |
| Soekanto et al. [48] 2017 | Experimental in vitro caries prevention | EDX 3.16, 3.66 y 4.16% AgNO3, 5 ml gelatin, glucose 13.3 g/40 ml, distilled water, and 4.4 g NH4F | NA NA green synthesis | NSF∗ showed an increase in calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ion levels compared to SDF |
| Soekanto et al. [49] 2017 | Experimental in vitro caries prevention | SEM XRD 3.16, 3.66 y 4.16% AgNO3, 5 ml gelatin, glucose 13.3 g/40 ml, distilled water, and 4.4 g NH4F | NA NA green synthesis | NSF∗ increases the intensity and quality of apatite crystal components, increasing remineralization |
| e Silva et al. [50] 2019 | Experimental in vitro caries prevention | OCT .3 g/60 ml chitosan, 0.012 mol/L AgNO3, and 5500 ppm NaF | 8.7 ± 3.1 NA chemical synthesis | NSF has the best effect against caries compared to conventional fluoride treatments |
| Tirupathi et al. [51] 2019 | Controlled clinical trial caries arresting | UNC-5 probe AgNPs power 0.5 grams containing polyvinyl pyridoline added to 10 ml of 22,6000 ppm of sodium fluoride varnish (FLUORITOPTM-SR) | −100 NA NA | Annual application of NSSF is better than or equal to SDF in preventing the progression of dentinal caries in deciduous molars, and it does not cause dark staining of dentinal tissue |
AgNO3: silver nitrate, AgNPs: silver nanoparticles, TEM: transmission electron microscopy, OCT: optical coherence tomography, NaF: sodium fluoride, MIC: minimum inhibitory concentration, NSF: silver nitrate, chitosan, and fluoride, NH4F: ammonium fluoride, ICDAS II: International Caries Detection and Assessment System, EDX: energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, NFS∗: silver nitrate: gelatin, glucose, and ammonium fluoride, NSSF: nanosilver 5% and sodium fluoride, ADT: agar diffusion test, EDX: energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, SEM: scanning electron micrograph, XRD: X-ray diffraction.