Table 4.
Pharmacological effects of Herba Patriniae.
| Model | Experimental subject and administration | Results | Species | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti-cancer effect | ||||
| CRC cell line SW480 (negative control: culture solution) | total saponin extract (PV was crushed and immersed in 1000 mL 70% ethanol for 12 h, refluxed and extracted at 40 °C, and concentrated under reduced pressure to remove ethanol and purified to obtain the total saponin extract.); 1/16, 1/32, 1/64 and 1/128 mL/mL for 48 h | The total saponin of PV significantly inhibited TGF-β-induced EMT, and up-regulated the expression of E-cadherin and down-regulated the expression of N-cadherin and NF-κBp65 in CRC SW480 cell. | PV | Xia et al. (2018) |
| CRC mouse xenograft model (negative control: saline), HT-29 and HUVECs cells (negative control: culture solution) | ethanol extract (500 g PS was extracted by refluxing with 5000 mL 85% ethanol and filtered. The ethanol solvent was concentrated by rotary evaporation to a relative density of 1.05. The dry powder was obtained by spray drying. mouse: the powder was dissolved in saline with a working concentration of 250 mg/mL; cells: the powder was dissolved in 50% DMSO with a stock concentration of 250 mg/mL); mouse: intragastric administration, 1.93 g/kg/day, 5 days a week for 21 days; cells: 0.5, 1, 2 mg/mL for 24 h | After treatment with the ethanol extract of PS, the tumor volume of CRC xenograft mice (0.65 ± 0.15 cm3) was significantly suppressed compared with the control group (1.20 ± 0.31 cm3), the tumor angiogenesis of CRC xenograft mice and HUVECs were suppressed in a dose-dependent manner (0.5–2 mg/mL), and the VEGF-A expression of CRC xenograft mice and HT-29 cells were obviously decreased. | PS | Chen et al. (2013) |
| CRC mouse xenograft model (negative control: saline), HT-29 cells (negative control: culture solution) | ethanol extract (500 g PS was extracted by refluxing with 5000 mL 85% ethanol and filtered. The ethanol solvent was concentrated by rotary evaporation to a relative density of 1.05. The dry powder was obtained by spray drying. mouse: the powder was dissolved in saline with a working concentration of 250 mg/mL; cells: the powder was dissolved in 50% DMSO with a stock concentration of 250 mg/mL); mouse: intragastric administration, 1.93 g/kg/day, 5 days a week for 21 days; cells: 0.5, 1, 2 mg/mL for 24 h | The ethanol extract from PS treatment increased apoptosis and the ratio of pro-apoptotic Bax/Bcl-2 in HT-29 cells and CRC tumor tissues. It also induced a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential in HT-29 cells and activated caspase-9 and -3. | PS | Liu et al. (2013b) |
| SMMC-7721 cells (negative control: 0.1% (v/v) DMSO culture solution; positive control: 5-Fluorouracil) | Patriniaflavanone A (The air-dried leaves of PV (15 kg) were extracted with 70% ethanol reflux for 3 times. After purification, 16.5 mg of Patriniaflavanone A was obtained.) | Patriniaflavanone A exhibited a moderate cytotoxic effect on SMMC-7721 cells with an IC50 value of 61.27 μM. | PV | Xiang et al. (2016) |
| A375-S2, A549, HeLa; HepG2, HT1080, K562, HL-60 and U937 cells (negative control: culture solution; positive control: 5-Fluorouracil) | Patrinia-glycosides B-II (Patrinia-glycosides B-II was synthesized by linear 11-step sequence 11 with an overall yield of 9.4%.); administration 48 h | Patrinia-glycosides B-II showed powerful inhibitory activity against eight tumor cell lines at micromolar concentrations (3.4–28.7 μM). | PS | Ren et al. (2013) |
| AGS, SGC-7901, BV-2, 5-FU/HCT-8, HepG2, HT-29, HeLa and MDA-MB-231cells (negative control: culture solution) | essential oil extract (The dried whole plant of PS (500 g) was distilled with double distilled water of 5000 mL for 4 h, and the yellow essential oil of 0.2 mg/g (w/w) was obtained.); 50–200 μg/mL for 24 h | The essential oil of PS exhibited remarkable dose-dependent growth inhibition in the dilution range of 50–200 μg/mL. | PS | Lin et al. (2018) |
| A498, A549, BEL-7402, HT-29, MCF-7, K562 and SGC-7901 cell lines | six flavonoids isolated from PV (A 75% aqueous ethanol crude extract (400 mg) of the leaves of PV was separated in one single isolation procedure to obtain 44.9 mg of (2S)-5, 7, 2′, 6′-tetrahydroxy-6, 8-di (γ, γ-dimethylallyl) flavanone with 99.1% purity, 35.5 mg of (2S)-5, 7, 2′, 6′-tetrahydroxy-6-lavandulylated flavanone with 98.8% purity, 79.8 mg of (2S)-5, 7, 2′, 6′-tetrahydroxy-4′-lavandulylated flavanone with 99.3% purity, and 45.8 mg of (2S)-5, 2′, 6′-trihydroxy-2″, 2″-dimethylpyrano [5″, 6′′: 6, 7] flavanone with purity 98.8%, 39.8 mg of (2S, 3″S)-5, 2′, 6′-trihydroxy-3″-γ, γ-dimethylallyl-2″, 2″-dimethyl-3″, 4″-dihydropyrano [5″,6′′: 6, 7] flavanone with 98.6% purity, 9.6 mg of licoagrochalcone B with 97.5% purity.); administration 3 day | (2S)-5, 7, 2′, 6′-tetrahydroxy-6, 8-di (γ, γ-dimethylallyl) flavanone, (2S)-5, 7, 2′, 6′-tetrahydroxy-6-lavandulylated flavanone and (2S)-5, 7, 2′, 6′-tetrahydroxy-4′-lavandulylated flavanone exhibited high anticancer activities (IC50 < 7 μg/mL) in a dose-dependent manner, and when the concentration of these compounds exceeded 15 μg/mL, the proliferation of cancer cells were completely inhibited, especially for K562 cancer cells (IC50 < 3.1 μg/mL). | PV | Peng et al. (2006c) |
| U14 mice of cervical cancer (negative control: distilled water; positive control: cyclophosphamide) | ethanol extract (100 g PV was refluxed and extracted with 1000 mL 70% ethanol for 2 h, extracted twice, and the solid crude extract was obtained by vacuum drying.); intragastric administration, 10, 15 mg/kg/day, 14 days | The ethanol extract of PV increased the tumor inhibition rate of U14-bearing mice with the inhibitory rate of 49.19% and 54.23% at the dosage of 10 g/kg and 15 g/kg, respectively. | PV | Chen et al. (2019c) |
| SMMC-7721 cell lines (negative control: culture solution) | total flavonoids extract (50 g PS was refluxed and extracted with 750 mL 60% ethanol for 1 h, extracted for 3 times, then evaporated and purified to obtain total flavonoids with a purity of 91.32%.); 0.125–2 mg/mL | The total flavonoids extract suppressed the growth of SMMC-7721 cells in a dose-dependent manner (0.125–2 mg/mL). | PS | Zhao et al. (2019) |
| SMMC-7721 cell lines (negative control: culture solution) | total flavonoids extract (10 g PV was refluxed and extracted with 100 mL70% ethanol for 1.5 h, extracted for 3 times, then combined and dried to obtain 0.094 g extract. The extraction method of PS was the same as PV, the extract was 0.115g); 1–10 mg/mL for 24 h | The total flavonoids extract PS and PV inhibited the growth of SMMC-7721 cells in a concentration-dependent manner (1–10 mg/mL), with IC50 values of 7.631 and 5.63 mg/mL, respectively. | PS, PV | Wei et al. (2013b) |
| A375, A549, MCF-7, HepG2 and PC-3 cell lines (negative control: 0.5% (v/v) DMSO culture solution) | ethyl acetate extract (100 g PS was immersed in 1000 mL methanol for 3 days at room temperature, immersed twice. The combined methanol was rotary evaporated for 2 h, dried in a dryer for 1 day (0.5 g), then dissolved in 10 mL distilled water, extracted with ethyl acetate and dried (0.05 g), and the dry powder was dissolved in DMSO (100 mg/mL), filtered and blown dry.); 0.8–800 μg/mL for 48 h | The extract has the most significant growth inhibitory effect on MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 112.3 μg/mL), which is through activation of caspase-independent mitochondrial cell death pathway. | PS | Chiu et al. (2006) |
| U266 cells (negative control: 0.5% (v/v) DMSO culture solution) | ethanol extract (500 g PS was extracted by refluxing with 5000 mL 85% ethanol and filtered. The ethanol solvent was concentrated by rotary evaporation to a relative density of 1.05. The dry powder was obtained by spray drying and dissolved with DMSO to 200 mg/mL); 0.25–1 mg/mL for 24 h | The ethanol extract dose-dependently reduced proliferation and promoted the apoptosis of cancer cells via inhibition of the STAT3 pathway at the dosage of 0.25–1 mg/mL. | PS | Peng et al. (2011) |
| U14 mice of cervical cancer (negative control: distilled water; positive control: cyclophosphamide) | saponin extract (4 kg PV was refluxed and extracted with 10 volumes 70% ethanol for 4 h, extracted for 3 times, and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain an ethanol extract. By separating the ethanol extract, 25.2 g of dry saponin extract was obtained.); intragastric administration, 50, 100 mg/kg/day, 15 days | The saponin extract remarkably inhibited the tumor growth of mice bearing the U14 cervical cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner (50, 100 mg/kg). Which induced the apoptosis of tumor cells and reduced the ratio of tumor cells in the G0/G1 phase, and decreased the expression of PCNA and Bcl-2, mutant p53 protein. | PV | Zhang et al. (2008) |
| HepG2, A549 and A2780 cell lines (negative control: culture solution) | Impecylone A (The air-dried leaves of PV (15 kg) were refluxed and extracted with 70% ethanol for 2 h, extracted for three times, and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain a concentrated extract (2.8 kg). After purification, 23.2 mg of Impecylone A was obtained.); A549 cells: 12.5–50 μM; HepG2 cells: 20–80 μM; A2780 cells: 6.25–100 μM; 24 h | Impecylone A remarkably inhibited the proliferation of A549 and HepG2 cells with the IC50 value of 29.22 μM and 38.37 μM, respectively, but had no remarkable inhibitory effect on A2780 cells. Which induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase in both two cells in a dose-dependent manner (12.5–50 μM and 20–80 μM, respectively). | PV | Liu et al. (2019b) |
| HepG2 and MCF-7 cells (negative control: culture solution; positive control: cisplatin) | Patrinia monoterpene iridoid ether esters extract (After immersed Herba Patriniae with 95% ethanol for 48 h, it was extracted with dichloromethane three times and separated, the yield was 1.24%.); HepG2 cells: 12.5–50 μg/mL; MCF-7 cells: 1.75–7 μg/mL, 24 h | The Patrinia monoterpene iridoid ether esters extract inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis, down-regulated the expression of Bcl-2, Cdc2 and Cyclin B1, and up-regulated the expression of Bax and caspase3 in HepG2 and MCF7 cells. | aHerba Patriniae | Ji et al. (2019) |
| HCT-8 and 5-FU/HCT-8 cells (negative control: culture solution) | ethanol extract (500 g PS was extracted by refluxing with 5000 mL 85% ethanol and filtered. The ethanol solvent was concentrated by rotary evaporation to a relative density of 1.05. The dry powder was obtained by spray drying. The powder was dissolved in 50% DMSO with a stock concentration of 250 mg/mL); 0.5–2 mg/mL for 24 h | 1 and 2 mg/mL of the ethanol extract remarkably inhibited the growth of 5-FU/HCT-8 cells by suppressing cellular proliferation and promoting apoptosis, and significantly reduced the level of phosphorylated AKT and the ratio of Bcl-2/Bax by inhibiting AKT pathway. | PS | Huang et al. (2019a) |
| 786-O and HK-2 cells (negative control: culture solution) | ethanol extract (1 kg PS was immersed in 10 L 95% ethanol for 3 days and filtered. The filtrate was freeze-dried after the relative density was 1.05 in vacuum evaporator. And dissolved in DMSO to form a stock solution with a concentration of 300 mg/mL); 0.2–1 mg/mL for 24 h; 0.6 mg/mL for 0–24 h | The ethanol extract of PS inhibited the growth and promoted the death of 786-O cells in both dose- (0.2–1 mg/mL) and time-dependent (0–24 h) manner. At the dose of 0.6 or 1 mg/mL, it markedly increased the levels of intracellular ROS and Ca2+, and significantly down-regulated the expression of SIRT-1 and reduced the ratio of pmTOR/mTOR. | PS | Li et al. (2018) |
| CRC mouse xenograft model (negative control: saline), HT-29 (negative control: culture solution) | ethanol extract (500 g PS was extracted by refluxing with 5000 mL 85% ethanol and filtered. The ethanol solvent was concentrated by rotary evaporation to a relative density of 1.05. The dry powder was obtained by spray drying. mouse: the powder was dissolved in saline with a working concentration of 250 mg/mL; cells: the powder was dissolved in 50% DMSO with a stock concentration of 250 mg/mL); mouse: intragastric administration, 1.93 g/kg/day, 5 days a week for 3 weeks; cells: 0.5–2 mg/mL for 24 h | The ethanol extract of PS (1.93 g/kg) markedly inhibited the tumor volume and the expression of PCNA in CRC mice, and dose-dependently (0.5–2 mg/mL) decreased the proliferation of HT-29 cells by G1/S cell cycle arrest. It also down-regulated the expression levels of CyclinD1 and CDK4 both in vivo and in vitro at the level of mRNA and protein. | PS | Zhang et al. (2015) |
| Anti-inflammatory effect | ||||
| Female ICR mice, Female SD rats, PID rat model (negative control: saline; positive control: dexamethasone) | ethanol extract (30g PV was extracted with 300 mL 70% ethanol under reflux for 1h, extracted twice, filtered and concentrated to 1 g/mL concentration, and then dried.); female ICR mice: intragastric administration, 0.08 g/kg for 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1 and 2 h to measure the ear edema thickness, or continuously observe and record the number of writhes in the 15min; SD rats: intragastric administration, 0.55 g/kg for 1 h to measure the paw volume or 0.08 g/kg for 7 days to measure the cotton pellet weight; PID rats: intragastric administration, 0.55 g/kg for 28 days | The 70% ethanol extract of PV (0.08 g/kg) was significantly reduced the ear edema thickness induced by arachidonic acid and the writhing response induced by acetic acid in ICR mice (80% and 48%, respectively), and (0.55 g/kg and 0.08 g/kg) inhibited the carrageenin-induced paw edema and the granuloma formation induced by a cotton pellet in SD rats (23% and 44%, respectively), as well as markedly (0.55 g/kg) suppressed the serum levels of IL-8, TNF-α, and IL-6 protein in PID rats. | PV | Zheng et al. (2012) |
| AP rat model (negative control: saline) | water extract (Decocting PS with boiling distilled water for 3 h); intragastric administration, 100 mg/kg/day for 5 days | The water extract of PS (100 mg/kg) reduced the ratio of pancreatic weight/body weight, the levels of serum lipase and amylase, and suppressed the secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in AP rats, as well as increasing the levels of HSP60 and HSP72 in pancreas. | PS | Seo et al. (2006) |
| PID rat model (negative control: saline) | ethanol extract (500 g PS was extracted with 5 L of hot ethanol under reflux for 1h, extracted twice, filtered and dried to yield 63.9 g); intragastric administration, 600 mg/kg/day for 21 days | After treatment with ethanol extract of PS (600 mg/kg), the infiltration of inflammatory cells and the expression of cytokines in the upper genital tract of PID rats were significantly decreased. | PS | Zou et al. (2015) |
| RAW 264.7 cells (negative control: culture solution); BALB/c mice (negative control: saline) | ethyl acetate extract (15 kg PS was extracted with hot ethanol under reflux for 4h, extracted for four times, and 220 g total extract was obtained by vacuum evaporation. This extract was then dissolved in distilled water, extracted and separated with ethyl acetate, and evaporated in vacuo to yield 5.9 g); cells: 10–100 μg/mL for 24 h; mice: intragastric administration, 300 mg/kg for 24 h | The ethyl acetate extract of PS treatment on RAW 264.7 cells, inhibited the production of NO and IL-6 induced by LPS and the expression of iNOS and COX-2 at the protein and mRNA levels in a concentration-dependent manner (10–100 μg/mL), in which the inhibition was operated by suppressed the level of NF-κB activity. In addition, the ethyl acetate extract of PS inhibited the production of TNF-α and IL-6 in splenocytes of BALB/c mice stimulated by LPS. | PS | Lee et al. (2012) |
| UC mice model (negative control: saline; positive control: 5-ASA) | methanol extract (206.65 g PS was refluxed and extracted twice with 70% methanol, and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain a solid extract 22.21 g); intragastric administration, 10, 30, 50 mg/kg for 7 days | The administration of 10, 30 and 50 mg/kg of the methanol extract of PS for 7 days in UC mouse model considerably reduced ulcerative colitis DAI scores and tissue MPO accumulation, prevented enlargement of spleen and shortening of colon length in a dose-dependent manner, and also inhibited the mRNA expression of IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. | PS | Cho et al. (2011) |
| BV-2 cells (negative control: culture solution; positive control: indometacin) | essential oil extract (The dried whole plant of PS (500 g) was distilled with double distilled water of 5000 mL for 4 h, and the yellow essential oil of 0.2 mg/g (w/w) was obtained.); 100, 150, 200 μg/mL for 24 h | The secretion of IL-1β and IL-6 induced by LPS in BV-2 cells was remarkably inhibited by the essential oil extract of PS treatment in a dose-dependent manner (100–200 μg/mL). Therefore, the essential oil extract of PS has a significant anti-neuroinflammatory activity. | PS | Lin et al. (2018) |
| Rat models of focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (negative control: saline; positive control: nimodipine and Naoluotong) | total flavonoids (The content of total flavonoids in Herba Patriniae is 51.76%.); intragastric administration, 50, 100, 200 mg/kg/day for 7 days | The total flavonoids (50, 100, 200 mg/kg) significantly reduced the levels of IL-1β, ICAM-1, IL-6, Caspase-3, Bax and enhanced the levels of Bcl-2 and NGF in the brain tissue of rats. Moreover, the total flavonoids (100, 200 mg/kg) significantly suppressed the percentage of cerebral infarction area, the production of NF-κB p65 and TNF-α, which showed significant neuroprotective effect. | aHerba Patriniae | Wei et al. (2019) |
| Antioxidant effect | ||||
| Caco2 cells (negative control: culture solution) | eleven phenylethyl flavones (PV was extracted with ethanol under reflux for 2h, extracted twice, and 8.2 g crude extract was separated and purified to yield 8-(7″R-(3″, 4″-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl)-3′, 4′, 5, 7-tetrahydroxyflavone (2.7 mg), 7-O-β-D-glucuronide methyl ester-8-(7″R-(3″, 4″-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl)-3′, 4′, 5-trihydroxyflavone (9.5 mg), 7-O-β-D-glucuronide methyl ester-8-(7″S-(3″, 4″-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl)-3′, 4′, 5-trihydroxyflavone (21.3 mg), 7-O-β-D-glucuronide methyl ester-6-(7″S-(3″, 4″-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl)-3′, 4′, 5-trihydroxyflavone (7.7 mg), 7-O-β-D-glucuronide methyl ester-6-(7″R-(3″, 4″-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl)-3′, 4′, 5-trihydroxyflavone (10.5 mg), Luteolin-7-O-rutinoside (13.9 mg), Luteolin (11 mg), Luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide methyl ester (12.4 mg), Luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucuronide ethyl ester (7.2 mg), Apigenin (6.3 mg), Apigenin 7-O-β-D-glucuronide methyl ester (11.6 mg).); 25 μM for 24 h |
8-(7″R-(3″, 4″-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl)-3′, 4′, 5, 7-tetrahydroxyflavone, 7-O-β-D-glucuronide methyl ester-8-(7″R-(3″, 4″-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl)-3′, 4′, 5-trihydroxyflavone and 7-O-β-D-glucuronide methyl ester-6-(7″R-(3″, 4″-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl)-3′, 4′, 5-trihydroxyflavone isolated from PV (25 μM) reduced the generation of ROS in Caco2 cells induced by H2O2, 8-(7″R-(3″, 4″-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl)-3′, 4′, 5, 7-tetrahydroxyflavone and 7-O-β-D-glucuronide methyl ester-6-(7″R-(3″, 4″-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl)-3′, 4′, 5-trihydroxyflavone increased the mRNA levels of NQO-1 and HO-1, and 7-O-β-D-glucuronide methyl ester-6-(7″R-(3″, 4″-dihydroxyphenyl) ethyl)-3′, 4′, 5-trihydroxyflavone decreased the expression of mir-144-3p, thus increasing the level of Nrf2 protein in Caco2 cells, which was helpful to resist oxidative stress in Caco2 cells. | PV | Feng et al. (2018) |
| DPPH and ABTS+ | volatiles extract (The volatiles extract of 200 g PV was extracted by supercritical CO2 fluid extraction for 2 h, and the total volatile was composed of hydrocarbon (49.65%), fatty acid (22.38%), aldehyde (16.66%), terpene (9.04%) and little alcoholic.); 10–150 μg/mL | The EC50 values against DPPH and ABTS+ of the volatiles from PV were 32.01 and 50.90 μg/mL, respectively. | PV | Xie et al. (2008) |
| DPPH | essential oil extract (The dried whole plant of PS (500 g) was distilled with double distilled water of 5000 mL for 4 h, and the yellow essential oil of 0.2 mg/g (w/w) was obtained.); 0.5–2 mg/mL | The volatiles extract of PS has a dose-dependent scavenging effect on DPPH radical, with IC50 of 1.455 mg/mL. | PS | Lin et al. (2018) |
| mice with acute liver injury (negative control: saline) | 60% ethanol extract (20 g PV powder was refluxed and extracted with 400 mL petroleum ether for 5 h, then dissolved with 400 mL 60% ethanol, refluxed and extracted for 2 h at 70 °C, extracted twice. The extract was centrifuged at 4000 r/min for 10 min, collected the supernatant and dried to obtain crude extract.); intragastric administration, 60, 120, 240 mg/kg/day for 10 days | The 60% ethanol extract of PV had obvious antioxidant activity in mice with acute liver injury by decreasing the activities of ALT and AST in serum, reducing the content of MDA and activity of LDH in liver, and enhancing the activities of T-SOD, T-AOC and GSH in liver. | PV | Huang et al. (2019b) |
| OH, DPPH and O2- | ethanol and water extract (The ethanol extract: 100 g PS or PV was immersed in 1.5 L 70% ethanol for 30 min, refluxed and extracted for 2 h, filtered, repeated 3 times, combined filtrate, concentrated and freeze-dried. The contents of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and total flavonoids in the ethanol extract of PV were 64.37 ± 2.43, 21.19 ± 1.24, and 293.00 ± 2.65 mg/g, respectively, and in the ethanol extract of PS were 83.80 ± 1.15, 1.12 ± 0.09, and 318.00 ± 2.65 mg/g, respectively. The water extract: 100 g PS or PV was immersed in 1.5 L distilled water for 30 min, refluxed and extracted for 2 h, filtered, repeated 3 times, combined filtrate, concentrated and freeze-dried. The contents of chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid and total flavonoids in the water extract of PV were 94.18 ± 1.94, 19.05 ± 0.75, and 334.00 ± 5.20 mg/g, respectively, and in the water extract of PS were 117.29 ± 0.85, 1.52 ± 0.09, and 383.00 ± 3.61 mg/g, respectively.); 5, 10, 15 mg/mL for scavenging OH and DPPH; 0.5, 1, 1.5 mg/mL for scavenging O2- | The water extract exhibited a stronger clearance rate for scavenging DPPH and OH than ethanol extract both in PS and PV. Moreover, the contents of chlorogenic acid and total flavonoids in the extracts are positively correlated with free radical scavenging ability. | PS, PV | Sun et al. (2018) |
| Antimicrobial effects | ||||
| HeLa cells (negative control: culture solution; positive control: ribavirin) | Polysaccharide mixture (AP3) (1 kg of Herba patriniae was immersed in 7000 mL distilled water at room temperature for 12 h, filtered, the drug residue was repeatedly extracted with 5000 mL of distilled water, the two extracted filtrates were combined, concentrated under reduced pressure to 1000 mL, and AP3 was obtained after purification.); 0.02–2 mg/mL for 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 h | The polysaccharide mixture (AP3) exerted an obvious dose-dependent anti-RSV effect with TC50 and EC50 values of 11.45 and 0.0986 mg/mL, respectively. Moreover, the therapeutic index (TI = TC50/EC50) was 116.12. | aHerba Patriniae | Li et al. (2004) |
| λ-Lysogen (negative control: without water extract and irradiation; positive control: without water extract but irradiated) | water extract (Herba Patriniae was immersed in water at room temperature for 30 min, then boiled slowly for 30 min, and the volume was adjusted to 50 mL, and 750 mg/mL water extract was obtained after filtration.); 93.75, 187.5, 375, 750 mg/mL | The inhibitory rates of the water extract from Herba Patriniae anti-SARS virus reached 45.0% at the concentration of 750.0 mg/mL. | aHerba Patriniae | Li et al. (2006) |
| Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Pasteurella, Salmonella, Escherichia coli | ethanol and water extract (The crude drug content in ethanol and water extract are both 1 g/mL); 0.5 g/mL for 20 h | The water extract of PS (0.5 g/mL) has a strong inhibitory effect against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus and Escherichia coli, and it has a weak antibacterial effect on Pasteurella and Salmonella, while the ethanol extract (0.5 g/mL) has a relatively weak antibacterial effect on these five kinds of bacteria. | PS | Tan et al. (2003) |
| Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Proteus spp., Bacillus subtilis (negative control: without bacteria but have 70% ethanol extract; positive control: without 70% ethanol extract but have bacteria) | 70% ethanol extract (200 g of PV was immersed in 70% ethanol at 60 °C for 2.5 h, repeatedly extracted twice, and the two ethanol extracts were combined, filtered and concentrated to 200 mL by rotary evaporation, and obtained ethanol extract with a crude drug concentration of 1 g/mL); 125–250 mg/mL | The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extract was between 125-250 mg/mL. When the temperature was 23–160 °C, and the UV irradiation time was 10–50 min, the extract maintains high antimicrobial activity. | PV | Dai and Lin (2011) |
| Pseudomonas aeruginosa (negative control: deionized water) | water extract (Herba Patriniae was crushed and immersed in deionized water for 2 h, then boiled for 2 h (w/v was 1/5), filtered and evaporated in vacuum, and then freeze-dried to obtain solid extract.); 1.6 mg/mL for 24 h | The water extract of Herba Patriniae dramatically suppressed the expression of biofilm-associated key genes (algA, algU, bdlA, pelA, ppyR and pslM), thus decreased the biofilm formation and changed the structure of the biofilm of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.It also reduced exopolysaccharide production and increased swarming motility. | aHerba Patriniae | Fu et al. (2017) |
| Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella dysenteriae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Beer yeast (positive control: potassium sorbate) | tannin extract (1 g of PV powder was added to 60 mL 50% acetone and extracted under 80 W ultrasonic power for 60 min, the extraction rate was 4.648%.); 1.0 mg/mL for 48 h | The inhibition rate of tannin extract with 1.0 mg/mL concentration on Escherichia coli was 50.78%, which was significantly different from that of potassium sorbate in the control group (30.45%), and it also had a significant inhibition rate on other four kinds of bacteria (23.45 %–49.89%). However, the inhibition rate on three kinds of fungi was poor, and the inhibition rate was 8.78 %–28.03%. | PV | (Fan, 2014) |
| Sedative and hypnotic effects | ||||
| Normal mice (negative control: ethanol and water; positive control: pentobarbital) | ethanol and water extract (The crude drug content in ethanol and water extract are both 1 g/mL); intraperitoneal injection, 0.5 g/mL/10 g | The ethanol extract of PS (0.5 g/mL/10 g) had an obvious sedative effect on mice, its sedative time was longer than water extract and its intensity was similar to that of pentobarbital, while without hypnotic effect. | PS | Tan et al. (2003) |
| Male ICR mice (negative control: physiological saline solution of 20% 1, 2-propanediol) | petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extract from 95% ethanol extract and 95% ethanol extract (4 kg PS was crushed and refluxed with 95% ethanol for 3 times. The extracts were combined and distilled under reduced pressure to obtain 331.2 g. Take part of it to reduce pressure and dry. Another 330 g was diluted with water and extracted with petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol. After vacuum drying, the extract was 24.5 g, 42.1 g, 63.6 g, 74.3 g, respectively.); petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and n-butanol extract from 95% ethanol extract: intragastric administration, 0.12 g/kg, 5 h after administration, the number of mouse activity in 10 min was recorded; 95% ethanol extract: intragastric administration, 0.45 g/kg, 5 h after administration, the number of mouse activity in 10 min was recorded | 95% ethanol extract of PS had an obvious sedative effect on mice. Ethyl acetate extract and n-butanol extract significantly reduced the spontaneous activity of mice, while n-butanol extract significantly prolonged the sleep time of mice induced by threshold dose of pentobarbital sodium. | PS | Xu et al. (2007) |
| Mice (negative control: saline), patients | 60% ethanol extract, volatile oil and dried ethanol extract (60% ethanol extract: the root of PS was crushed and immersed in 60% ethanol, then distilled under reduced pressure until 20% extract contains 10–15% ethanol.); 60% ethanol extract: (mice: intragastric administration, 30 g/kg); volatile oil (mice: intragastric administration, 0.2 g/kg; patients: 20 mg/capsule, 1–2 capsules/day, 1 times/day, 10–14 days); dried ethanol extract (mice: intragastric administration, 7.5 g/kg; patients: 1 g/tablet, 2–4 tablets/day, 2–3 times/day, 10–14 days) | The 60% ethanol, volatile oil, and dried ethanol extracts from PS possessed sedative and hypnotic effect on mice induced by pentobarbital sodium and patients suffered from neurasthenia or neurasthenic syndromes with insomnia. | PS | Luo et al. (1986) |
| Mice (negative control: saline) | water extract (The water extract concentration was 2 g/L); intraperitoneal injection, 20 and 40 mg/kg | The water extract of PV inhibited the spontaneous activity, shortened the time of falling asleep and prolonged the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital sodium in a dose-dependent manner (20 and 40 mg/kg). | PV | Chen et al. (2005) |
| Mice (negative control: saline) | water extract (The crude drug content in water extract was 4.69 g/g); intraperitoneal injection, 40 and 60 mg/kg | The water extract of PV inhibited the spontaneous activity, shortened the time of falling asleep and prolonged the sleeping time induced by pentobarbital sodium in a dose-dependent manner (40 and 60 mg/kg). | PV | Zhong et al. (2004) |
| Proangiogenic effect | ||||
| HUVECs cells (negative control: culture solution; positive control: VEGF), mouse hindlimb ischemia model (negative control: PBS; positive control: VEGF) | water extract (600 g PV was boiled in distilled water for 2 h, filtered and evaporated in vacuum, and then freeze-dried to obtain solid extract 52.8 g); cells: 10 and 100 mg/L for 72 h; mice: intramuscular injection, 2.5 g/L, 20 μL/day, 3 day | The water extract of PV (10 and 100 mg/L) significantly increased HUVEC cell proliferation and migration as well as the formation of capillary-like structures, induced phosphorylation of FAK and Akt in a time-dependent manner. Furthermore, intramuscular injection of the extract (20 μL of 2.5 g/L) significantly decreased the necrosis probability of ischemic limbs in vivo. | PV | Jeon et al. (2010) |
| Antipruritic effect | ||||
| Male ICR mice | methanol extract (50 g PV was refluxed and extracted with 300 mL methanol for 3 h, and evaporated under reduced pressure and freeze-dried.); intragastric administration, 200 mg/kg administrated before the test | The methanol extract of PV suppressed substance P-induced itch-scratch response at a dosage of 200 mg/kg without affecting locomotor. | PV | Tohda et al. (2000) |
| Anti-diabetic | ||||
| Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes (negative control: culture solution; positive control: Sodium Orthovanadate) | Patrinoside and patrinoside A (5 kg PS powder was extracted in 95% ethanol at room temperature, then concentrated under reduced pressure and purified to obtain Patrinoside and patrinoside A.); 6.25–200 μM for 48 h | Patrinoside and patrinoside A significantly elevated expression levels of p-IRS-1, p-Akt and GLUT4 at the dose of 50, 25 μM, respectively. The mechanisms of improving insulin resistance may be exerted via the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. | PS | Liu et al. (2019c) |
| Anti-diarrheal effect | ||||
| isolated intestine cramps model, Castor oil-induced diarrhea rats (negative control: distilled water; positive control: Changshu tablet) | 60% ethanol, dichloromethane layer, ethyl acetate layer, N-butanol layer and water layer extract (The 60% ethanol extract: 50 g PV was crushed and refluxed with 500 mL 60% ethanol at 85 °C for 2 h, extracted twice, filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to obtain a solid powder 4.75 g; extracts of different polar parts: 500 g PV was crushed and refluxed with 5000 mL 60% ethanol at 85 °C for 2 h, extracted twice, filtered and concentrated by rotary evaporation under reduced pressure to no alcohol taste, and then diluted with 2000 mL water and extracted with dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and N-butanol, extracted twice. After vacuum drying, the extract was 1.77, 2.28 and 10.61 g, respectively, the water layer extract was 23.34 g); isolated intestine cramps model: 0.02–1.28 mg/mL; in vivo: intragastric administration, 100, 200, 400 mg/kg/day, 7 days | All the five extracts of PV exhibited an anti-diarrheal effect in a dose-dependent manner (100–400 mg/kg), in which the effect of dichloromethane layer is stronger than that of other polar extracts. | PV | Zhang et al. (2019a) |
Patrinia villosa Juss. (PV); Patrinia scabiosafolia Fisch. (PS).
a
Not indicate species.