Table 4.

Independent predictors of macrovascular and pooled microvascular complications in multivariate analyses including insulin sensitivity and beta-cell function

	Macrovascular	Microvascular
Gender (male vs female)	2.15 (1.26 to 3.68) p=0.005	0.81 (0.50 to 1.32) p=0.399
Age (per year)	1.07 (1.04 to 1.10) p<0.001	1.01 (0.99 to 1.03) p=0.497
BMI (per 1 unit)	0.94 (0.89 to 0.99) p=0.012	1.04 (1.00 to 1.09) p=0.070
Smoking (past/current vs never)	2.38 (1.52 to 3.73) p<0.001	1.70 (1.10 to 2.62) p=0.016
HbA1c (per log unit)	1.17 (0.28 to 4.79) p=0.830	2.17 (0.53 to 8.79) p=0.284
Hypertension (yes vs no)	2.93 (1.57 to 5.48) p=0.001	1.50 (0.90 to 2.46) p=0.121
Hypercholesterolemia (yes vs no)	1.17 (0.40 to 3.48) p=0.775	0.96 (0.36 to 2.54) p=0.927
Insulin sensitivity (per log unit)	0.70 (0.50 to 0.99) p=0.043	1.01 (0.69 to 1.46) p=0.974
Beta-cell function (derivative control) (per log unit)	0.92 (0.86 to 0.99) p=0.023	1.03 (0.95 to 1.11) p=0.474

Macrovascular=prior CVD and/or ischemic ECG and/or carotid stenosis and/or lower limb stenosis. Microvascular=CKD and/or microalbuminuria-macroalbuminuria and/or DR and/or DSPN and/or CAN. ORs and 95% CIs are reported. Significant p values are in bold.

BMI, body mass index; CAN, cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy; CKD, chronic kidney disease; CVD, cardiovascular disease; DR, diabetic retinopathy; DSPN, distal symmetric polyneuropathy; HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c.