Table 1.
Selected examples of QCM-based biosensors for the detection of prevalent infectious diseases.
| Disease | Target | Receptor | Detection limit | Detection time | Signal amplification strategy | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malaria | PfHRP-2 | Anti-PfHRP-2 antibody | 12 ng mL-1 | – | – | Sharma et al. (2011) |
| P. falciparum and P. vivax | DNA probe | – | 4 h | Target sequences amplified by PCR | Wangmaung et al. (2014) | |
| Hepatitis B | HBV DNA | Peptide nucleic acid probe | 8.6 ng mL-1 | 50 min | Mass enhanced using RecA proteins coated with DNA probes complementary to HBV DNA | Yao et al. (2008) |
| HBsAg | Anti-HBs antibody | 0.53 μg mL-1 | 30 min | Surface modified with HBPs to increase the amount of receptors immobilised | Shen et al. (2011) | |
| HBV DNA | DNA probe | 104 copies mL-1 | 1 h | Target sequences amplified by RCA | Yao et al. (2013) | |
| HBsAg | Anti-HBs antibody | 2 ng mL-1 | 1 h | Mass enhanced using HBPs labelled with antibodies | Zhang et al. (2016) | |
| HBcAg | Anti-HBc antibody | 0.6 μg mL-1 | 25 min | Mass enhanced using the hydrogel swelling effect | Lim et al. (2017) | |
| Influenza | Influenza A and B viruses | Anti-M1 antibody | 103 PFU mL-1 | 1 h | Mass enhanced using AuNPs labelled with antibodies | Hewa et al. (2009) |
| H5N1 virus | Polyclonal antibody against HA glycoprotein | 0.0128 HAU | 2 h | Mass enhanced using magnetic nanobeads labelled with antibodies | Li et al. (2011) | |
| H5N1 virus | DNA aptamer | 0.0128 HAU | 30 min | Mass enhanced using the hydrogel swelling effect | Wang and Li (2013) | |
| H5N1, H5N3, H1N1, H1N3, and H6N1 viruses | Polymer imprint of whole viruses | 105 particles mL-1 | 40 min | – | Wangchareansak et al. (2013) | |
| H5N1 virus | DNA aptamer | 1.25 HAU mL-1 | 10 min | Surface modified with a nanowell pattern to increase the surface area for the immobilisation of receptors | Wang et al. (2017) | |
| HA glycoprotein | SA | 0.26 μg mL-1 | 30 min | – | Diltemiz et al. (2013) | |
| Dengue | DENV | Monoclonal antibodies against the envelope and NS1 proteins | 0.05 μg mL-1 | 30–60 min | – | Su et al. (2003) |
| NS1 protein | Polymer imprint of the NS1 epitope | 5 ng mL-1 | 50 min | Mass enhanced using detection antibodies | Tai et al. (2005) | |
| DNA sequences reverse-transcribed from DENV-2 genome | DNA probe | 2 PFU mL-1 | 1.5 h | Mass enhanced using AuNPs modified with oligonucleotide probes | Chen et al. (2009) | |
| NS1 protein | Immunoglobulin G antibody | 0.1 μg mL-1 | 15–25 min | Surface modified with cellulose nanocrystals | Pirich et al. (2017) | |
| HIV infection | gp41 glycoprotein | Polymer imprint of the gp41 epitope | 2 ng mL-1 | 10 min | – | Lu et al. (2012) |
| p24 antigen | Polyclonal antibody | 1 ng mL-1 | >2 h | Mass enhanced using detection antibodies and AuNPs | Ly et al. (2016) | |
| Tuberculosis | Mtb | Anti-tuberculosis antibody | 15 cells mL-1 | 30 min | – | He et al. (2002) |
| Mtb | α-LAM and anti-H37Rv antibodies | 8.7 × 105 cells mL-1 | <20 min | – | Hiatt and Cliffel (2012) | |
| IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 | Antibodies against IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-2 | 6.3 fg mL-1 (IFN-γ); 7.3 fg mL-1 (TNF-α); 7.8 fg mL-1 (IL-2) | >2 h | Surface modified with AuNPs, and mass enhanced using soluble silver nanoparticles labelled with antibodies | Zhou et al. (2019) |