Table 1.
A summary of biocompatible nanomaterials (and antiviral nanopharmaceuticals) commonly used for biomedical drug delivery action as virucidal agents (Souce of data: Weiss et al., 2020; Udugama et al., 2020; Letko et al., 2020; Jamshidi et al., 2020; Gao et al., 2020; Dong et al., 2020).
| Nanocarriers | Target specific cell | Virus types | Mode of antiviral activity | Virucidal action |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AuNPs | BHK-21, HeLa-CD-LTR, Vero cells | HIN1, H3N2, HIV-1 | Binding with Peroxidase-mimic enzymes and viral gp120 | Immunization/viral detection |
| Immobilized AuNPs | C6/36, BALB/c mice | H3N2, Dengue virus, H5N1 | Antibody mediated inhibition | Viral detection |
| TiO2NPs | n.a.* | H3N2 | Viral capsid protein interaction | Inactivation of virus by photolysis |
| Modified TiO2NPs | MDCK | H5N1, H1N1 | Viral surface protein interaction | Virus inhibition/inactivation |
| AgNPs | Vero cells | H7N3 | Inhibit CD4-based binding | Viral entry inhibition |
| Engineered AgNPs | Human Rhabdomyosarcoma |
Feline Calicivirus, Influenza | Viral envelop rupture | Viral replication deformation |
| SiNPs | Vero cells | Papilloma Virus | Cell mediated immune/nucleic acid inhibition | Virus detection |
| Mesoporous Si | HEK293T | HSV-1, 2 | Hinder viral attachment | Viral entry inhibition |
| Fullerenes | n.a. | Bacteriophage λ | Viral capsid/envelop attachment and interaction | Virus destabilization |
| Modified Fullerenes | SupT1 | HIV-1 (wild and resistant type) | Impairing viral polyprotein/hinder Gag processing | Inhibition of virus entry |
| FeNPs | n.a. | Zika virus | Viral envelop/protein binding | Host pathogen interaction |
| Engineered FeNPs | n.a. | Bacteriophage MS2, H5N2 | Phosphatidylserine inhibit viral tropism | Viral detection/removal |
| Acid/basic Functionalized Nanotube | NCIH292 | H3N2 | Photoactivated mediated viral inhibition/destabilization | Virus inactivation |
| Metal functionalized Nanotube | Grass carp | Reovirus | VP7/DNA mediated inhibition | Immunization |
| Carbon dots | PK-15, MARC-145 | RSV, Pseudorabies virus | Type I interferon production inhibited | Viral inhibition |
| Graphene oxide (GO) | Vero cells | Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus | Negative single layered sharp edged particle interaction with virus | Viral entry hindrance |
| Polystyrene NPs | n.a. | HIV-1 | viral gp120 antigen binding and mannose/lectin specific inhibition action |
Mucosal vaccine development |
| Chitosan coated NPs | n.a. | Rabies virus | Immune system inhibition | Immunization |
| Peptide coated NPs | BALB/c strain | Influenza A virus | CD8+ T cells inhibition | Nanoparticulate vaccine |
| Protein coated NPs | BALB/c mice | Influenza A virus | antibodydependent cell-mediated phagocytosis/cytotoxicity |
Influenza vaccine |
| Amide coated NPs | neuro 2a cell lines |
HIV | Viral transcriptase inhibition | Antiviral therapy |
| Nano-liposomes | n.a. | n.a. | Gene silencing action | Drug delivery immunomodulator |
| Nanomicelle | APC49 Huh7.5 | Hepatitis C Virus | Viral cell entry inhibition | Antiviral activity and bioavailable vaccines |
| AuNPs-carbon nanotubes | n.a. | H3N2 | Peroxidase inhibition | Viral detection by colorimetric assay |
| Polymeric micelle | Male Wistar rats cell | HIV | Viral entry inhibition | Oral bioavailable drugs |
| AuNPs-AgNPs | MDCK | H1N1, H3N2 | Coagulation results from virus surface protein interaction | Viral inhibition and drug delivery action |
| Au/FeNPs-carbon nanotubes | n.a. | Norovirus, H1N1 | MagNB mediated enzymeatic signaling inhibition | Viral DNA detection |
| Nanolipid carriers | VK2/E6E7 | Papilloma virus | Cell cycle inhibition at G2/M phase | Nontoxic viral inhibition |
| Dendrimer | Vero cells, HELFs | HSV-1,2 | Glycosaminoglycan binding affinity and in vitro replication inhibition | m-RNA vaccine |
n.a*- Not applicable, AuNPs-Gold Nanoparticles, AgNPs-Silver Nanoparticles, FeNPs-Iron Nanoparticles, SiNPs-Silica Nanoparticles, TiO2- Titanium nanoparticles, GO-Graphene oxides.