Table 1.
S protein-based DNA vaccines.
| Manufacturer | Strategy | Vaccine Name/Stage | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Inovio Pharmaceuticals/International Vaccine Institute | DNA plasmid vaccine injected by intradermal (ID) injection followed by electroporation (EP) using a CELLECTRA® 2000 device in healthy adult volunteers | INO-4800/ Phase 1/2 NCT04336410 NCT04447781 |
(“Inovio Pharmaceuticals/International Vaccine Institute. http://ir.inovio.com/news-releases/news-releases-details/2020/INOVIO-and-IVI-Partner-with-Seoul-National-University-Hospital-to-Start-Phase-12-Clinical-Trial-of-INOVIOs-COVID-19-DNA-Vaccine-INO-4800-in-South-Korea/default.aspx. Accessed July 29, 2020,” n.d.) |
| Osaka University/AnGes/Takara Bio | DNA plasmid vaccine + adjuvant | Phase 1/2 NCT04463472 |
(“Osaka University/AnGes/Takara Bio. https://www.takarabio.com/about/bioview-blog/current-events/dethroning-king-coronavirus-with-novel-vaccines. Accessed July 29, 2020,” n.d.) |
| Karolinska Institute / Cobra Biologics (OPENCORONA Project) | DNA vaccine delivered to patient’s muscle by electroporation to generate a viral antigen on which the immune system then reacts | Pre-Clinical | (“Cobra Biologics. Cobra Biologics and the Karolinska Institute collaborate to develop COVID-19 vaccine. 30th Mar 2020. https://www.cobrabio.com/News/March-2020/Cobra-Karolinska-Institutet-COVID-19-Vaccine. Accessed May 21, 2020,” n.d.) |
| Takis/Applied DNA Sciences/Evvivax | DNA vaccine candidates created using the structure of the S protein | Pre-Clinical | (“Takis. Takis, a biotech company in Castel Romano, Rome, announces that it is ready to test its Covid-19 vaccine on pre-clinical models. 17 March 2020. http://www.takisbiotech.it/index.php/en/news/209-rome-17-march-2020-takis-a-biotech-company-in-castel-romano-rome-announces-that-it-is-ready-to-test-its-covid-19-vaccine-on-pre-clinical-models. Accessed on May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Immunomic Therapeutics, Inc./EpiVax, Inc./PharmaJet, Inc. | Plasmid DNA delivered via PharmaJet’s Tropis Needle-free Injection System, which precisely targets delivery of vaccine to the intradermal tissue depth | Pre-Clinical | (“Pharmajet: Pharmajet partner with ITI and EpiVax to develop and deliver COVID-10 Vaccine. April 15, 2020. https://www.immunomix.com/pharmajet-partners-with-iti-and-epivax-to-develop-and-deliver-covid-19-vaccine/. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Zydus Cadila | DNA plasmid vaccine against the major viral membrane protein responsible for the cell entry of the novel coronavirus | Phase 1/2 CTRI/2020/07/026,352 |
(“Zydus Cadila. Zydus Cadila accelerates COVID-19 vaccine research. 8 April 2020 https://www.pharmatutor.org/pharma-news/2020/zydus-cadila-accelerates-covid-19-vaccine-research. Accessed on May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Genexine Consortium | DNA VVaccine (GX-19) | Phase 1/2 NCT04445389 |
(“Genexine Consortium. https://pharmashots.com/press-releases/korean-biotech-firm-genexines-covid-19-deoxyribonucleic-acid-vaccine-pipeline-gx-19-is-ready-for-clinical-testing-as-soon-as-it-applies-to-the-drug-ministry-for-human-testing/. Accessed July 29, 2020,” n.d.) |
| BioNet Asia | GENE-based vaccine (COVIGEN) encoding the SARS-CoV-2 S protein | Pre-Clinical | (“BioNet. BioNet in Thailand is developing a COVID-19 GENE-based vaccine (COVIGEN) encoding the S (Spike) protein of SARS-CoV-2. http://www.bionet-asia.com/media/news-events/. Accessed on May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| University of Waterloo | DNA vaccine using a bacteriophage-based approach allowing it to replicate within bacteria already present in the body, delivering the vaccine to cells in targeted tissues and triggering production of a virus-like particle (VLP) that will induce an immune response | Pre-Clinical | (“University of Waterloo. University of Waterloo developing DNA-based COVID-19 vaccine. April 16, 2020. https://uwaterloo.ca/stories/news/university-waterloo-developing-dna-based-covid-19-vaccine. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Symvivo Corporation | bacTRL-Spike contains different concentrations of live Bifidobacterium longum, which has been engineered to deliver plasmids containing synthetic DNA encoding spike protein from SARS-CoV-2 | bacTRL-Spike/ Phase 1 (NCT04334980) |
(“Symvivo Corporation. Evaluating the Safety, Tolerability, and Immunogenicity of bacTRL-Spike Vaccine for Prevention of COVID-19. April 6, 2020. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04334980. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |