Table 3.

Non-replicating viral vector-based vaccines that encode for the S protein.

Manufacturer	Strategy	Vaccine Name/ Stage	Ref.
CanSino Biological Inc./ Beijing Institute of Biotechnology	The Phase 2 clinical trial will evaluate immunogenicity and safety of Ad5-nCoV, which encodes for a full-length S protein of SARS-CoV-2	Phase1 ChiCTR2000030906 Phase 2 NCT04313127 ChiCTR2000031781	(Zhu et al., 2020)
University of Oxford	The ChAdOx1 platform consists of a transgenic nonreplicating chimp adenovirus-based vaccine that expresses, leading to host cell expression and display of the antigenic coronavirus spike protein upon immunization, thus prompting an immune response	COV001/ Phase 1/2 NCT04324606 Phase 2 2020-001,228-32 Phase 3 ISRCTN89951424	(Folegatti et al., 2020)
Gamaleya Research Institute	Adeno-based	Phase 1 NCT04436471 NCT04437875	(“Gamaleya Research Institute. https://www.trialsitenews.com/gamaleya-research-institute-developed-covid-19-vaccine-clinical-trial-commences-across-russia/. Accessed on JUly 29, 2020.,” n.d.)
GeoVax/BravoVax	The aim of this vaccine is prevention/ control of SARS-CoV-2, using its GV-MVA-VLPTM vaccine platform	Pre-Clinical	(“GeoVax. GeoVax Progresses in Coronavirus (COVID-19) Vaccine Development Program. March 18, 2020. https://www.globenewswire.com/news- release/2020/03/18/2,002,611/0/en/GeoVax-Progresses-in-Coronavirus-COVID-19-Vaccine-Development-Program.html. Accessed May21, 2020.,” n.d.)
Janssen Pharmaceutical Companies	Ad26 (alone or with MVA boost); leverages Janssen’s AdVac® and PER.C6® technology, which provide the ability to rapidly upscale production of the optimal vaccine candidate	Pre-Clinical	(“Johnson & Johnson. Johnson & Johnson Announces a Lead Vaccine Candidate for COVID-19; Landmark New Partnership with U.S. Department of Health & Human Services; and Commitment to Supply One Billion Vaccines Worldwide for Emergency Pandemic Use. March 30, 2020. https://www.jnj.com/johnson-johnson-announces-a-lead-vaccine-candidate-for-covid-19-landmark-new-partnership-with-u-s-department-of-health-human-services-and-commitment-to-supply-one-billion-vaccines-worldwide-for-emergency-pandemic-use. Accessed on May 21, 2020.,” n.d.)
ReiThera	This vaccine targets the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2. The vaccine technology is based on a novel ReiThera-proprietary simian adenoviral vector with strong immunological potency and low pre-existing immunity in humans	Pre-Clinical	(“ReiThera, LEUKOCARE and Univercells. ReiThera, Leukocare and Univercells announce fast-track development of a COVID-19 vaccine. APRIL 23, 2020. https://www.univercells.com/newsroom/reithera-leukocare-and-univercells-announce-fast-track-development-of-a-covid-19-vaccine/. Accessed on May 21, 2020.,” n.d.)
DZIF – German Center for Infection Research	This vaccine will combine the spike protein with the MVA vector’s genetic information, resulting in a viral vector able to penetrate human cells and consequently produce spike proteins	Pre-Clinical	(“SARS-CoV-2: DZIF scientists and the development of vaccines https://www.dzif.de/en/sars-cov-2-dzif-scientists-and-development-vaccines Mar 9 2020.,” n.d.)
Altimmune	The new intranasal vaccine is based on NasoVAX, the company’s influenza vaccine candidate. Like NasoVAX, single intranasal dose would provide systemic immunity	Pre-Clinical	(“Hannah Balfour: Biotech and academia collaborate on intranasal COVID-19 vaccine development:https://www.drugtargetreview.com/news/59182/biotech-and-academia-collaborate-on-intranasal-covid-19-vaccine-development/ 2 April 2020,” n.d.)
Greffex	This genetically modified adenovirus-based vector vaccine will exploit GreVac(TM) Plug-And-Play technology to expedite the production of vaccine candidates	AdCOVID/ Pre-Clinical	(“Greffex. Greffex completes COVID-19 vaccine, prepares for FDA animal testing. March 12, 2020. https://www.innovationews.com/Greffex-completes-COVID-19-vaccine-prepares-for-FDA-testing/ Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.)
Vaxart	The candidate is based on the company’s VAASTT oral vaccines platform, which uses adenovirus type 5 (Ad5) as a delivery system for its treatment. Vaccine candidates will generate mucosal immune responses in addition to serum antibody responses	Pre-Clinical	(“Vaxart. Vaxart Announces Additional Positive Pre-Clinical Data for its Oral COVID-19 Vaccine Program. April 30, 2020. https://investors.vaxart.com/news-releases/news-release-details/vaxart-announces-additional-positive-pre-clinical-data-its-oral/ Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.)
Centro Nacional Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Spain	MVA poxvirus vectors expressing S protein	Pre-Clinical	(“Luis Enjuanes, Isabel Sola y Sonia Zúñiga. NOVEL HUMAN PATHOGENIC CORONAVIRUS: SARS-CoV-2. March 26, 2020. Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid (Spain),” n.d.)
University of Manitoba	Dendritic cell-based vaccine	Pre-Clinical	(“COVID-19 vaccine: Dendritic cell-based vaccine. https://covidvax.org/covid19-vaccine/ManitobaUni/Dendritic-cell-based-vaccine-University-of-Manitoba. Accessed May 26, 2020,” n.d.)