Table 4.
Vaccines based on protein subunits.
| Manufacturer | Strategy | Vaccine Name/Stage | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|
| Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences | Adjuvant recombinant protein (RBD-Dimer | Phase 1 NCT04445194 Phase 2 NCT04466085 |
(“Anhui Zhifei Longcom Biopharmaceutical/Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences. 2020https://covidvax.org/covid19-vaccine/AnhuiZhifei/Adjuvanted-recombinant-protein-Anhui-Zhifei-Longcom-Biopharma-Institute-of-Microbiology-Chinese-Acad. Accessed on July 29, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Vaxine Pty Ltd/Medytox | Recombinant spike protein with Advax adjuvant | Phase 1 NCT04453852 |
(“Vaxine Pty Ltd/Medytox. https://www.biospectrumasia.com/news/37/16000/vaxine-announces-covid-19-vaccine-collaboration-with-medytox.html. Accessed on July 29, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Kentucky Bioprocessing, Inc | RBD-Based | Phase 1 NCT04473690 |
(“Kentucky Bioprocessing, Inc. https://www.kentucky.com/news/coronavirus/article241709386.html. Accessed on July 29, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| AdaptVac (PREVENT-nCoV consortium) |
AdaptVac’s universal viral Capsid-Like Particle (CLP) will be employed to deliver an optimal vaccine against the SARS-CoV-2 virus (COVID-19) | Pre-Clinical |
(“ADPVAC, 2020. https://www.adaptvac.com/news. Accesses May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| ExpreS2ion |
Drosophila S2 insect cell expression system VLPs. This vaccine uses AdaptVac’s capsid VLP technology and ExpreS2ion’s ExpreS2 technology, which has the potential to mimic a virus to the body’s immune system, giving the optimal stimulus to generate a fast, long-lasting immune response that offers a highly efficacious protection | Pre-Clinical |
(“ExpreS2ion. ExpreS2ion Announces Bavarian Nordic Enters Agreement with AdaptVac to Advance the COVID-19 Vaccine. May 06 2020. https://expres2ionbio.com/investor/international-press-releases/. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| IMV Inc |
DPX-COVID-19 is a formulation of the DPX platform with peptide epitopes from S proteins of the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) | DPX-COVID-19/ Pre-Clinical |
(“IMV. DPX-COVID-19 at a glance. April 15, 2020:https://imv-inc.com/clinical-trials/dpx-covid-19/. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| WRAIR/USAMRIID | Ferritin nanoparticle from H. pylori are used to attach a small part of the coronavirus S protein binding receptor onto the ferritin nanoparticle shell which is surrounded by proprietary lipid ring around the shell that acts as an accelerant or booster | Pre-Clinical | (“Eric Niiler: The US Army’s Virus Research Lab Gears Up to Fight Covid-19. April 01, 2020. https://www.wired.com/story/the-us-armys-virus-research-lab-gears-up-to-fight-covid-19/ Accessed on May21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| National Institute of Infectious Disease, Japan | Vaccines rely on genetic engineering to create recombinant proteins that will serve as an antibody against the virus | Pre-Clinical | (“Shionogi Inc. Shionogi Accelerates Development of Potential COVID-19 Treatments and Vaccine. April 28, 2020. https://www.shionogi.com/us/en/news/2020/4/shionogi-accelerates-development-of-potential-covid-19-treatments-and-vaccine.html. Accessed May21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Osaka University/ BIKEN/ National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Japan | VLP-recombinant protein + Adjuvant | Pre-Clinical | (“BIKEN foundation, 2020. https://www.osaka-u.ac.jp/en/news/info/corona/corona_info/cooperation. Accesses May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc./GSK/Dynavax | Clover uses Trimer-Tag© technology to produce an S-Trimer subunit vaccine (resembling the native trimeric viral spike via a rapid mammalian cell culture-based expression system) which will be combined with GSK’s pandemic adjuvant system to check vaccine efficacy | COVID-19 S-Trimer/ Phase 1 NCT04405908 |
(“Clover Biopharmaceuticals Inc./GSK/Dynavax. https://www.fiercebiotech.com/biotech/using-gsk-dynavax-tech-clover-kickstarts-covid-vax-trial-data-drop-august. Accessed on July 29, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Univ. of Pittsburgh | The vaccine candidate is based on unique and patent protected signal peptide technology utilizing Vaxil’s proprietary VaxHit™ bioinformatics platform | Pre-Clinical | (“COVID-19 Vaccine Candidate Shows Promise: April 02, 2020. https://www.upmc.com/media/news/040,220-falo-gambotto-sars-cov2-vaccine. Accessed May21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Vaxil Bio |
The Vaccine Candidate is based on unique and patent protected signal peptide technology, utilizing Vaxil’s proprietary VaxHit™ bioinformatics platform. |
Pre-Clinical | (“Vaxil. Vaxil commences preclinical COVID-19 vaccine trial and files an additional COVD-19 patent. March 27, 2020. https://vaxil-bio.com/vaxil-commences-preclinical-covid-19-vaccine-trial-and-files-an-additional-covid-19-patent/ Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Biological E Ltd. | Adjuvanted protein subunit (RBD) | Pre-Clinical | (“Biological E Ltd, 2020. https://www.livemint.com/news/india/covid-19-six-indian-companies-working-on-coronavirus-vaccine-11587016987400.html. Accessed May 27, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Flow Pharma Inc | FlowVax vaccines utilize Flow Pharma's patented Size Exclusion Antigen Presentation Control (SEAPAC(TM)) technology based on the benefits of making vaccine microspheres the same size as human white blood cells. This vaccine relies on killer T-cells rather than antibodies to fight virus infections | FlowVax Covid-19/ Pre-Clinical | (“Flow Pharma: Flow Pharma Announces Strategic Partnership with Oakwood Labs for GMP Manufacturing of FlowVax COVID-19 Vaccine. April 15, 2020. https://www.accesswire.com/585181/Flow-Pharma-Announces-Strategic-Partnership-with-Oakwood-Labs-for-GMP-Manufacturing-of-FlowVax-COVID-19-Vaccine. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| AJ Vaccines |
The vaccine candidate will use technology to raise strong immune responses while being well tolerated and to meet potential global demand in 2021 | Pre-Clinical |
(“AJ Vaccines, 2020. https://ajvaccines.com/news/. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Generex/EpiVax | Generex Biotechnology Corporation will use EpiVax expertise and computational tools to predict epitopes that can be used to generate peptide vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 using the patented NuGenerex Immuno-Oncology (NGIO – Formerly Antigen Express) Ii-Key technology | Pre-Clinical | (“Generex. Generex Signs Contract with EpiVax to Develop Ii-Key Peptide Vaccines to Address the Coronavirus Pandemic. March 04, 202. https://epivax.com/news/press-release-generex-signs-contract-with-epivax-to-develop-ii-key-peptide-vaccines-to-address-the-coronavirus-pandemic. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| EpiVax/Univ. of Georgia | Sequence will be predicted based on EpiVax computational tool | Pre-Clinical | (“EpiVax. EpiVax Accelerates COVID-19 Vaccine Development with UGA’s Center for Vaccines and Immunology. May 04, 2020. https://epivax.com/news/press-release-epivax-accelerates-covid-19-vaccine-development-with-ugas-center-for-vaccines-and-immunology. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Sanofi Pasteur/GSK |
Sanofi will contribute its recombinant DNA technology-based S-protein COVID-19 antigen expressed using baculovirus expression platform, and GSK will contribute its proven pandemic adjuvant technology | Pre-Clinical | (“Sanofi and GSK. Sanofi and GSK to join forces in unprecedented vaccine collaboration to fight COVID-19. April 14, 2020. https://www.sanofi.com/en/media-room/press-releases/2020/2020-04-14-13-00-00. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Novavax |
Full length recombinant SARS-CoV-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with Matrix M | NVX-CoV2373/ Phase 1/2 NCT04368988 |
(“Novavax. https://ir.novavax.com/news-releases/news-release-details/novavax-initiates-phase-12-clinical-trial-covid-19-vaccine. Accessed on July 29, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Heat Biologics/ Univ. Of Miami |
Heat's gp96 vaccine platform activates CD8 T cells, antigen presenting cells and natural killer cells, and induces mucosal immunity, which could make it an ideal vaccine for COVID-19 | Pre-Clinical | (“Heat Biologics. Heat Biologics Announces Research Collaboration with University of Miami to Develop Vaccine Designed to Protect Against COVID-19 Coronavirus. Match 05, 2020. https://www.heatbio.com/news-media/news-releases/detail/649/heat-biologics-announces-research-collaboration-with. May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| University of Queensland /GSK/Dynavax |
Subunit vaccine consisting of a SARS-CoV-2 spike protein stabilized with a protein “molecular clam” |
ACTRN12620000674932p |
(“University of Queensland /GSK/Dynavax. https://advance.qld.gov.au/covid-19-fast-facts. Accessed on July 29, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Baylor College of Medicine/Texas Children's Hospital/Path | Based on RBD of Spike protein | Pre-Clinical | (“Baylor College of Medicine, 2020https://www.bcm.edu/coronavirus-preparedness/covid-19-research. May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| iBio/CC-Pharming | Subunit protein is produced in a plant. The aim of this company is to deliver vaccine candidates for rapid production at iBio’s FastPharming manufacturing facility | Pre-Clinical | (“Fast-Farming Pharma. How plants could speed up vaccine manufacture to tackle the COVID-19 pandemic? April 17, 2020. https://themedicinemaker.com/manufacture/fast-farming-pharma. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Saint-Petersburg scientific research institute of vaccines and serums | Recombinant protein, nanoparticles (based on S-protein and other epitopes) | Pre-Clinical | (“Saint-Petersburg scientific research institute of vaccines and serums. May22, 2020. https://www.who.int/who-documents-detail/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines. Accessed May 25, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Innovax/Xiamen Univ./GSK |
COVID-19′s series of truncated S will be screened during the preclinical testing process; ultimate lead candidate will be determined by immunogenicity data | COVID-19 XWG-03/ Pre-Clinical |
(“GSK. GSK Joins Xiamen Innovax Biotech to Support COVID-19 Vaccine Development & Expands Activity to Fight War against Pandemic. April 06, 2020. https://www.trialsitenews.com/gsk-joins-xiamen-innovax-biotech-to-support-covid-19-vaccine-development-expands-activity-to-fight-war-against-pandemic/. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| VIDO-InterVac, University of Saskatchewan |
Adjuvanted microsphere peptide-based vaccine | Pre-Clinical |
(“USask. USask VIDO-InterVac awarded $23 M for COVID-19 vaccine research. April 23, 2020. https://news.usask.ca/articles/research/2020/usask-vido-intervac-awarded-23m-for-covid-19-vaccine-research.php. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| OncoGen |
Concept of personalized vaccination. Multiepitope peptide vaccine candidates were identified against nCov that can potentially trigger both CD4+ and CD8 + T cell immune response | Pre-Clinical | (“OncoGen. OncoGen researchers propose personalized vaccinomics strategy for the novel China coronavirus: https://oncogen.ro/oncogen-vaccine-design-for-coronavirus/. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| MIGAL Galilee Research Institute | Oral, E. coli-based protein expression system of S and N proteins | Pre-Clinical | (“MIGAL’s Coronavirus Vaccine Project:https://www.migal.org.il/en/node/7010. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| University of Alberta | Spike-based | Pre-Clinical | (“WHO. Draft landscape of COVID-19 candidate vaccines. May 30, 2020. https://www.who.int/who-documents-detail/draft-landscape-of-covid-19-candidate-vaccines. Accessed May 30, 2020.,” n.d.) |