Table 5.
S protein-based RNA vaccines.
| Manufacturer | Strategy | Vaccine Name/ Stage | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fudan University /Shanghai JiaoTong University/RNACure Biopharma |
LNP-encapsulated mRNA cocktail encoding VLP for induction of neutralizing antibodies, as well as producing virus-like particles similar to SARS-CoV-2 | Pre-clinical | (“Fudan University. Towards an effective mRNA vaccine against 2019-nCoV: March 7, 2020. https://www.fudan.edu.cn/en/2020/0307/c1092a104281/page.htm. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Moderna/NIAID | Lipid nanoparticle (LNP)-encapsulated mRNA-based vaccine encoding a full-length, prefusion stabilized S protein of SARS-CoV-2 | mRNA-1273/ Phase 1 NCT04283461 Phase 2 NCT04405076 Phase 3 NCT04470427 |
(Jackson et al., 2020) |
| Centro Nacional Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Spain | Replicating defective SARS-CoV-2- derived RNAs | Pre-clinical | (“Centro Nacional Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC). TYPE: RNA vaccine:https://www.lykeo.com/ replicating-defective-sarscov-2-derived-rnas-centro-nacional-biotecnologia-cnb-csic-spain. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| University of Tokyo / Daiichi-Sankyo | LNP-encapsulated mRNA | Pre-clinical | (“University of Tokoyo and Daiichi Sankyo. Our Company’s Efforts to Limit the Spread of the Virus that Causes COVID-19 Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| BIOCAD |
Liposome-encapsulated mRNA to produce disease-specific antigens and trigger a regular immune response | Pre-clinical | (“BIOCAD, 2020. https://gmpnews.net/2020/03/biocad-begins-developing-covid-19-vaccine/. Accessed May21, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| China CDC/Tongji University/Stermina | mRNA | Pre-clinical | |
| Arcturus/Duke-NUS | Self replication of mRNA with LUNAR®, a leading nanoparticle non-viral delivery system, to produce proteins inside the human body. Provokes a vaccine response at much lower doses compared to traditional mRNA vaccines |
Phase 1/2 NCT0448057 |
(“Arcturus/Duke-NUS, 2020https://www.duke-nus.edu.sg/about/media/media-releases/media-releases/arcturus-therapeutics-duke-nus-clinical-trials-for-covid-19-vaccine-candidate-approved-to-proceed. Accessed on July 29, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer | This includes four vaccine candidates, each representing a different combination of mRNA format and target antigen | Phase 1/22020−001038-36 ChiCTR2000034825 Phase 3 NCT04368728 |
(“BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer. https://www.genengnews.com/covid-19-candidates/biontech-pfizer-and-fosun-pharma-bnt162/. Accessed on July 29, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Imperial College London | Self-amplifying RNA vaccine will deliver genetic instructions to muscle cells to make the ‘S’ protein on the surface of the coronavirus. This should provoke an immune response and create immunity to COVID-19 | Phase 1 ISRCTN17072692 |
(“Imperial College London. https://www.clinicaltrialsarena.com/news/imperial-college-covid-vaccine/. Accessed on July 29, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Curevac | mRNA | NCT04449276 | (“Curevac. https://www.curevac.com/news/curevac-receives-regulatory-approval-from-german-and-belgian-authorities-to-initiate-phase-1-clinical-trial-of-its-sars-cov-2-vaccine-candidate. Accessed on July 29, 2020.,” n.d.) |
| Saiba GmbH | Virus-like particle, based on RBD displayed on virus-like particles of plant virus Cucumber Mosaic Virus (CMV) | Pre-clinical | (“Saiba Biotech. Saiba proprietary technology has enabled scientists to generate a vaccine candidate against COVID-19 with preclinical proof-of-concept. https://www.saiba-biotech.com/. Accessed May 21, 2020.,” n.d.) |