Table 1.
Updated lists of vaccine candidates being developed to combat COVID-19 with special emphasis on the vaccine status and development.
| S.noS.no | Name | Description | Manufacturer (Clinical trial) |
Mechanism of action | Clinical phase status | Inference | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | AZD1222 | Attenuated adenovirus modified with genetic code capable of producing the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 | University of Oxford/AstraZeneca (ISRCTN89951424) |
Vaccination results in the formation of endogenous antibodies to the spike protein. | Phase 3 | Previously known as ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 was originally developed to target MERS | [121] [122] [123] [124] |
| 2 | Ad5- nCoV | Genetically engineered vaccine with the replication-defective adenovirus type 5 as the vector to express SARS-CoV-2 spike protein | CanSino Biological Inc./Beijing Institute of Biotechnology | After vaccination the cells produce the spike protein and travel to the lymph nodes where the immune system creates antibodies that will recognize that spike protein and fight off the coronavirus. | Phase 2 | Vaccine candidate is built upon CanSinoBIO's adenovirus-based viral vector vaccine technology platform, applied to develop the globally innovative vaccine against Ebola virus | [125] [[126], [127], [128]] |
| 3 | mRNA-1273 | Lipid nanoparticle dispersion containing messenger RNA | Moderna/NIAID (NCT04470427) |
Vaccine carries the mRNA strand of the spike protein of the coronavirus to produce antigens by the human cells to fight the virus and gears up the body's immune system | Phase 3 | Vaccine consists of lipid nanoparticle (LNP; proprietary ionizable lipid, SM-102, and 3 commercially available lipids, cholesterol, DSPC, and PEG2000 DMG) dispersion and mRNA for spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 | [129,130] [131] |
| 4 | Inactivated SARS CoV 2 Vaccine | Inactivated virus | Wuhan Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm (ChiCTR2000034780) |
The body generates a diverse immune response against numerous viral antigens after vaccination without any threat of actually being infected as the virus is inactivated | Phase 3 | Inactive viral vaccines are created by propagating viruses in cell culture (such as in Vero cells) followed by inactivation using a chemical reagent (such as beta-propiolactone) | [132] |
| 5 | New Inactivated SARS CoV 2 Vaccine | Beijing Institute of Biological Products/Sinopharm (ChiCTR2000034780) |
Phase 3 | [133] | |||
| 6 | Inactivated vaccine | Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences | Phase 1 | [134] | |||
| 7 | CoronaVac | Inactivated virus + alum | Sinovac (NCT04456595) |
Phase 3 | [135] [132] | ||
| 8 | NVX-CoV2373 | Full length recombinant SARS CoV-2 glycoprotein nanoparticle vaccine adjuvanted with Matrix M. | Novavax (NCT04368988) |
After vaccination, high levels of spike protein-specific antibodies that block the activity of ACE-2 human receptor binding domain, and SARS-CoV-2 wild-type virus neutralizing antibodies are produced to combat the virus | Phase 1 | Novavax utilizes proprietary recombinant protein nanoparticle technology platform to generate antigens derived from the coronavirus spike (S) protein. | [136,137] |
| 9 | BNT162 | BNT162 vaccine trial is comprised of four (a1, b1, b2 and c2) prophylactic SARS-CoV-2 RNA Vaccines Against COVID-19 | BioNTech/Fosun Pharma/Pfizer (NCT04368728) |
Four individual lipid nanoparticle encapsulated mRNA vaccines encoding spike protein or receptor binding domain (RBD) | Phase 3 | Two candidates are nucleoside modified mRNA (modRNA), one is uridine containing mRNA (uRNA) and the last is self-amplifying mRNA (saRNA). Two of the vaccines are also the larger spike sequence from SARS-CoV-2 and the other two are the receptor-binding domain (RBD) sequence only | [138] [139] |
| 10 | INO-4800 | DNA plasmid delivered by electroporation | Inovio Pharmaceuticals (NCT04336410 NCT04447781) |
Electroporation results in small pores on the cells to aid the uptake of the nucleic acid vaccine. The cells then start to create the proteins encoded on the DNA plasmid and produce antibodies. | Phase 2 | Vaccine consists of double-stranded DNA plasmid that encodes antigens found in SARS-CoV-2. It is intradermally delivered into the arm of patients using proprietary CELLECTRA technology | [131] |
| 11 | LNP-nCoVsaRNA | Messenger RNA | Imperial College London (ISRCTN17072692) |
After vaccination into muscle, host cells produce the viral spike protein and host's immune system produces antibodies in response | Phase 1/2 | Same platform as vaccine candidates for EBOV, LASV, MARV, Inf (H7N9), RABV | [121] |
| 12 | LV-SMENP-DC | Modified dendritic cells (DC) with lentivirus vectors expressing Covid-19 minigene (SMENP) and immune-modulatory genes. | Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute (NCT04276896) |
Upon injection subcutaneously, DCs will prime specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes that are specific to SARS-CoV-2. Alternatively, T cells will be primed ex vivo and intravenously infused into the patient | Phase 1/2 | DCs modified with lentiviral vector expressing synthetic minigene based on domains of selected viral proteins; administered with antigen-specific CTLs | [131,140] |
| 13 | COVID-19/Aapc | Artificial antigen presenting cells (aAPCs) modified with lentiviral vector expressing synthetic minigene based on domains of selected viral proteins | Shenzhen Geno-Immune Medical Institute (NCT04299724) |
The functionality is thought to work by priming T lymphocytes against the SARS-CoV-2 virus. | Phase 1 | Inactivation of proliferation by altering aAPCs with immune-modulatory genes and the viral minigenes to represent SARS-CoV-2 antigens | [131] [140] |