Table 1.
Genetic control of L-R asymmetry. Human disorders and mutant animals that provided breakthroughs in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the development of L-R asymmetry
| Animal | Disorder or mutation | Defects | Year reported | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Human | Kartagener syndrome (ciliary proteins) | Situs inversus/ heterotaxy, chronic respiratory infection, infertility | 1789 | 3 |
| 1933 | 4 | |||
| Mouse | Iv (Dnah11) | L-R is randomized | 1959 | 5 |
| Inv (Inversin) | L-R is reversed | 1993 | 6 | |
| Drosophila | Myo31DF (myosin 1D) | Looping of gut and testes is reversed | 2006 | 13, 14 |
| Snail | Direction of coiling: sinistral vs. dextral | 1923 | 15 | |