Table 3.

Financial incentives for green buildings.

Types	Description	Ref.
Financial Incentives	FIs are the monetary support provided by government or utility providers. Financial Incentives offered in forms of subsidies, rebates or disincentives require certain energy efficiency related conditions to be fulfilled by the investors.	[3,13]
Subsidies	Subsidies are offered on energy upgrades/retrofits that enable investors to perform energy upgrades at a lower rate than market price. The subsidies can be in the form of grants, loans or taxes.	[55]
Loans	Loan incentives are used to enable installation of an energy retrofit or energy efficient equipment at a low-interest rate. Low interest enables the viability of a larger number of retrofits compared to the higher interest rate.	[56,57]
Grants	Grants are the monetary incentives that do not require to be paid back and are popular due to their simplicity. Grants account for a large sum of money and usually offered by the government at the federal level.	[17,58]
Tax incentives	A tax incentive can be defined as monetary credit, deduction or exemption on the tax required to be paid if the energy target/energy upgrade was not performed for the building.	[59]
Rebates	Rebate is the full or partial amount returned on the applied energy upgrade measure. The rebates are usually offered by utility providers on the purchase of energy efficient equipment.	[60]
Disincentives	Dis-incentives are financial instruments that work as negative reinforcement towards energy efficiency improvements. Carbon tax is one of the most common dis-incentive and has been found to be successful in mitigating carbon emission.	[61]