Table 2.
Breakfast Consumption and Its Associations with Body Weight and Health Risk Behaviours
| Variables | Breakfast Intake | UOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI)A |
|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight and health risk behaviour | |||
| Overweight or obese (29.3%) | Almost daily Sometimes Rarely/never |
1 (Reference) 0.96 (0.90, 1.03) 1.12 (1.01, 1.48)* |
(Reference) 0.99 (0.86, 1.13) 1.11 (0.92, 1.33) |
| Inadequate fruit and vegetables intake (80.5%) | Almost daily Sometimes Rarely/never |
1 (Reference) 1.16 (0.95, 1.43) 1.29 (1.09, 1.54)** |
1 (Reference) 1.24 (1.05, 1.46)* 1.33 (1.10, 1.60)** |
| Soft drink intake (≥2/day) (9.6%) | Almost daily Sometimes Rarely/never |
1 (Reference) 1.49 (0.89, 2.47) 2.16 (1.54, 3.04)** |
1 (Reference) 1.37 (0.80, 2.35) 1.96 (1.01, 3.84)* |
| Not avoid fat and cholesterol (60.8%) | Almost daily Sometimes Rarely/never |
1 (Reference) 1.21 (1.04, 1.40)* 1.37 (1.17, 1.59)*** |
1 (Reference) 1.24 (1.09, 1.40)*** 1.40 (1.20, 1.63)*** |
| Usually salt with every meal (39.6%) | Almost daily Sometimes Rarely/never |
1 (Reference) 0.91 (0.74, 1.13) 0.90 (0.74, 1.10) |
1 (Reference) 0.92 (0.79, 1.08) 0.91 (0.78, 1.07) |
| Red meat daily (48.0%) | Almost daily Sometimes Rarely/never |
1 (Reference) 0.87 (0.73, 1.04) 0.94 (0.80, 1.10) |
1 (Reference) 0.87 (0.74, 1.03) 0.93 (0.79, 1.10) |
| Binge drinking (past month) (10.5%) | Almost daily Sometimes Rarely/never |
1 (Reference) 1.37 (1.23, 1.52)*** 1.73 (1.51, 1.99)*** |
1 (Reference) 1.37 (1.15, 1.62)*** 1.65 (1.25, 2.18)*** |
| Current tobacco use (11.8%) | Almost daily Sometimes Rarely/never |
1 (Reference) 0.97 (0.89, 1.06) 1.55 (1.39, 1.73)*** |
1 (Reference) 1.14 (0.97, 1.29) 1.73 (1.38, 2.17)*** |
| Gambling (any 5/week) (7.2%) | Almost daily Sometimes Rarely/never |
1 (Reference) 1.06 (0.87, 1.28) 1.27 (1.08, 1.48)** |
1 (Reference) 1.09 (0.92, 1.28) 1.25 (1.08, 1.45)** |
| Not always wearing a seatbelt (61.1%) | Almost daily Sometimes Rarely/never |
1 (Reference) 1.22 (1.02, 1.45)* 1.20 (1.01, 1.43)* |
1 (Reference) 1.18 (1.02, 1.37)* 1.24 (1.04, 1.48)* |
| Inadequate physical activity (38.2%) | Almost daily Sometimes Rarely/never |
1 (Reference) 1.26 (1.10, 1.44)*** 1.31 (1.12, 1.53)*** |
1 (Reference) 1.20 (1.06, 1.35)** 1.31 (1.12, 1.53)*** |
| Sedentary behaviour (8 or more hours) (33.5%) | Almost daily Sometimes Rarely/never |
1 (Reference) 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) 1.04 (0.83, 1.30) |
1 (Reference) 0.93 (0.78, 1.10) 1.08 (0.86, 1.37) |
| Tooth brushing <2 times/day (31.0%) | Almost daily Sometimes Rarely/never |
1 (Reference) 1.03 (0.82, 1.30) 1.51 (1.25, 1.81)*** |
1 (Reference) 1.08 (0.90, 1.29) 1.56 (1.35, 1.79)*** |
| Saw dentist less than past 12 months (58.2%) | Almost daily Sometimes Rarely/never |
1 (Reference) 1.20 (0.96, 1.50) 1.39 (1.13, 1.70)** |
1 (Reference) 1.14 (0.98, 1.34) 1.37 (1.20, 1.56)*** |
| Physical fight past 12 month (12.0%) | Almost daily Sometimes Rarely/never |
1 (Reference) 1.06 (0.97, 1.16) 1.39 (1.24, 1.56)*** |
1 (Reference) 1.35 (0.30, 6.08) 3.25 (1.51, 6.98)** |
Notes: ***P<0.001; **P<0.01; *P<0.05; AAdjusted for age, sex, subjective economic status, residence status, country, social support, and religiosity.
Abbreviations: UOR, unadjusted odds ratio; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.