Table 1.
Characteristics of Sample
| Quit attempts (N (%) or mean [SD]) | Quit motivation (N (%) or mean [SD]) | Medication use (N (%) or mean [SD]) | Counselor use (N (%) or mean [SD]) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| None | 1–5 | 6+ | No | Yes, within 6 months | Yes, within 30 days | No | Yes | No | Yes | |
| Demographics, smoking, and illness characteristics | ||||||||||
| Gender (% female) | 89 (42.4%) | 94 (44.8%) | 27 (12.9%) | 74 (35.4%) | 95 (45.5%) | 40 (19.1%) | 72 (34.3%) | 138 (65.7%) | 192 (91.4%) | 18 (8.6%) |
| Race (% minority) | 132 (42.6%) | 141 (45.5%) | 37 (11.9%) | 99 (31.9%) | 138 (44.5%) | 73 (23.5%) | 134 (43.2%) | 176 (56.8%) | 262 (84.5%) | 48 (15.5%) |
| Education (% less than or equal to some HS) | 70 (45.8%) | 65 (42.5%) | 18 (11.8%) | 50 (33.1%) | 69 (45.7%) | 32 (21.2%) | 67 (43.8%) | 86 (56.2%) | 140 (91.5%) | 13 (8.5%) |
| Employment (% employed) | 31 (41.9%) | 29 (39.2%) | 14 (18.9%) | 21 (28.4%) | 38 (51.4%) | 15 (20.3%) | 29 (39.2%) | 45 (60.8%) | 60 (81.1%) | 14 (18.9%) |
| Income (% <$20k) | 179 (44.2%) | 177 (43.7%) | 49 (12.1%) | 145 (36.1%) | 178 (44.3%) | 79 (19.7%) | 156 (38.5%) | 249 (61.5%) | 355 (87.7%) | 50 (12.3%) |
| Marital status (% married) | 29 (42.6%) | 29 (42.6%) | 10 (14.7%) | 32 (47.1%) | 23 (33.8%) | 13 (19.1%) | 162 (39.1%) | 252 (60.9%) | 59 (86.8%) | 9 (13.2%) |
| Psychiatric disorders (% ≥2) | 151 (41.4%) | 170 (46.6%) | 44 (12.1%) | 123 (33.9%) | 171 (47.1%) | 69 (19.0%) | 136 (37.3%) | 229 (62.7%) | 317 (86.8%) | 48 (13.2%) |
| FTND (% at least high) | 5.7 (2.0) | 4.9 (2.1) | 4.8 (2.5) | 5.1 (2.1) | 5.3 (2.0) | 5.2 (2.3) | 5.1 (2.2) | 5.3 (2.1) | 5.2 (2.1) | 5.0 (2.0) |
| Age started smoking | 15.8 (4.5) | 16.1 (4.8) | 16.3 (5.7) | 16.0 (5.1) | 15.9 (4.4) | 16.1 (5.1) | 16.4 (5.2) | 15.7 (4.5) | 16.0 (4.9) | 15.7 (4.3) |
| Age at eligibility screen | 46.1 (11.4) | 45.8 (12.1) | 44.6 (11.4) | 45.5 (11.8) | 46.2 (11.4) | 45.2 (12.2) | 46.0 (12.3) | 45.6 (11.2) | 45.9 (11.5) | 45.0 (12.5) |
| Carbon monoxide (ppm) | 17.5 (10.5) | 15.2 (11.4) | 13.2 (7.6) | 16.6 (10.8) | 16.6 (11.5) | 13.0 (7.7) | 15.1 (9.9) | 16.5 (11.1) | 15.9 (10.6) | 16.0 (11.2) |
| Cigarettes/day | 13.1 (7.8) | 11.7 (7.7) | 15.0 (10.3) | 13.0 (8.0) | 13.0 (7.9) | 11.5 (8.6) | 11.4 (6.5) | 13.6 (9.0) | 12.8 (8.0) | 12.4 (9.1) |
| BASIS-R | 32.0 (24.0) | 32.9 (21.7) | 36.6 (21.4) | 31.7 (23.2) | 33.9 (23.3) | 33.6 (20.4) | 34.5 (25.0) | 32.0 (21.0) | 32.9 (23.0) | 33.4 (20.8) |
| Attitudes | ||||||||||
| Hazards of smoking | 3.7 (1.3) | 4.0 (1.0) | 4.0 (1.3) | 3.8 (1.2) | 3.9 (1.2) | 3.9 (1.2) | 3.8 (1.2) | 3.9 (1.2) | 3.8 (1.2) | 3.9 (1.1) |
| Smoke more than 20 yrs, little benefit | 2.7 (1.3) | 2.5 (1.3) | 2.2 (1.2) | 2.8 (1.3) | 2.4 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.3) | 2.7 (1.3) | 2.5 (1.3) | 2.6 (1.3) | 2.7 (1.3) |
| Quit threaten recovery | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.7 (1.1) | 2.3 (1.1) | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.2) | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.2) | 2.6 (1.2) |
| Concerned about smoking | 3.8 (1.0) | 3.9 (1.0) | 3.9 (1.1) | 3.5 (1.1) | 4.1 (0.7) | 4.0 (1.1) | 3.7 (1.0) | 3.9 (1.0) | 3.9 (1.0) | 3.9 (1.1) |
| Counseling would help quit | 3.5 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.1) | 3.7 (1.3) | 3.3 (1.2) | 3.7 (1.2) | 3.8 (1.1) | 3.6 (1.3) | 3.6 (1.2) | 3.6 (1.2) | 3.6 (1.2) |
| Systems | ||||||||||
| Staff ask if you smoke | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.5) | 0.7 (0.5) |
| Staff/clients smoke together | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.3 (.47) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.5) |
| Provided cessation advice | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.5 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.6 (0.5) |
| Provided cessation referral | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) |
| Smoking cessation part of tx | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.5) |
| Smoking cessation required | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.01 (0.12) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.04 (0.2) | 0.02 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.3) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.04 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.2) | 0.1 (0.2) |
HS = high school; FTND = Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence; BASIS-R = Behavior and Symptom Identification Scale; tx = treatment; 48 participants reported smoking less than 5 cigarettes on the assessment day but reported smoking on average at least 5 cigarettes/day for the past 30 days.