Table 3.

Cessation Patterns at Wave 2 (2014–2015) and Wave 3 (2015–2016) of the PATH Study for US Young and Older Adult Smokers Who Reported a Quit Attempt at Wave 2 (n = 2502) by Cessation Strategy

	Weighted%a	Model 3b		Model 4b
		RRR	95% CI	RRR	95% CI
Ref: no quit
Cessation strategies
Unassisted	68.90
Behavioral support alone	81.30
Pharmacotherapy alone	74.12
Product substitution alone	69.00
2+ strategies	68.91
Outcome 1: sustained quit
Cessation strategies
Unassisted	13.30	reference		reference
Behavioral support alone	11.83	0.98	[0.34, 2.80]	0.65	[0.18, 2.33]
Pharmacotherapy alone	8.57	0.69	[0.40, 1.19]	0.70	[0.40, 1.23]
Product substitution alone	12.31	0.99	[0.68, 1.43]	1.10	[0.70, 1.74]
2+ strategies	12.99	1.09	[0.64, 1.87]	1.22	[0.68, 2.19]
Strategies*age interaction
Behavioral support alone*age				4.81	[0.34, 67.84]
Pharmacotherapy alone*age				1.22	[0.22, 6.91]
Product substitution alone*age				0.60	[0.26, 1.38]
2+ strategies*age				0.32	[0.04, 2.71]
Covariates
Female		1.05	[0.80, 1.36]	1.04	[0.80, 1.36]
LGB+		0.73	[0.44, 1.22]	0.73	[0.44, 1.22]
Race/ethnicity
NH Black or Afr. Am.		0.49*	[0.31, 0.80]	0.50*	[0.31, 0.80]
Other race/ethnicity		1.00	[0.57, 1.76]	1.00	[0.56, 1.77]
Unable to pay bills		0.59*	[0.43, 0.81]	0.59*	[0.43, 0.81]
Education, high school+		1.65	[0.97, 2.78]	1.62	[0.95, 2.74]
Uses non-cigarette tobacco		1.19	[0.88, 1.61]	1.20	[0.89, 1.62]
Lives with tobacco user		0.68*	[0.52, 0.89]	0.67*	[0.51, 0.89]
Light or intermittent smoker		2.53*	[1.93, 3.32]	2.53*	[1.92, 3.34]
# quit attempts		0.97	[0.92, 1.03]	0.97	[0.93, 1.03]
Young adult		1.06	[0.73, 1.55]	1.22	[0.78, 1.92]
Constant		0.12	[0.07, 0.23]	0.12	[0.07, 0.23]
Outcome 2: temporary quit
Cessation strategies
Unassisted	7.61	reference		reference
Behavioral support alone	2.61c	0.33	[0.04, 2.60]	0.33	[0.02, 5.06]
Pharmacotherapy alone	6.51	0.95	[0.58, 1.58]	1.04	[0.61, 1.77]
Product substitution alone	10.09	1.35	[0.94, 1.95]	1.67*	[1.07, 2.59]
2+ strategies	5.82	0.81	[0.39, 1.70]	1.02	[0.47, 2.20]
Strategies*age interaction
Behavioral support alone*age				1.33	[0.03, 51.08]
Pharmacotherapy alone*age				0.76	[0.09, 6.28]
Product substitution alone*age				0.47*	[0.22, 0.99]
2+ strategies*age				0.17	[0.02, 1.97]
Covariates
Female		0.98	[0.66, 1.45]	0.97	[0.65, 1.43]
LGB+		0.92	[0.45, 1.87]	0.91	[0.45, 1.87]
Race/ethnicity
NH Black or Afr. Am.		0.55*	[0.35, 0.87]	0.55*	[0.35, 0.88]
Other race/ethnicity		0.60	[0.33, 1.09]	0.59	[0.32, 1.08]
Unable to pay bills		1.09	[0.81, 1.47]	1.10	[0.81, 1.49]
Education, high school+		2.01*	[1.06, 3.80]	1.97*	[1.04, 3.73]
Uses non-cigarette tobacco		1.04	[0.69, 1.58]	1.04	[0.69, 1.57]
Lives with tobacco user		1.02	[0.69, 1.52]	1.01	[0.68, 1.50]
Light or intermittent smoker		1.72*	[1.19, 2.50]	1.72*	[1.18, 2.50]
# quit attempts		1.02	[0.98, 1.07]	1.02	[0.98, 1.06]
Young adult		1.59*	[1.13, 2.23]	2.14*	[1.35, 3.37]
Constant		0.04	[0.02, 0.09]	0.04	[0.02, 0.09]
Outcome 3: delayed quit
Cessation strategies
Unassisted	10.18	reference		reference
Behavioral support alone	4.26c	0.41	[0.06, 2.79]	0.33	[0.03, 4.37]
Pharmacotherapy alone	10.80	1.20	[0.72, 2.00]	1.26	[0.75, 2.12]
Product substitution alone	8.60	0.82	[0.54, 1.25]	0.89	[0.55, 1.44]
2+ strategies	12.27	1.28	[0.76, 2.16]	1.08	[0.60, 1.96]
Strategies*age interaction
Behavioral support alone*age				2.89	[0.07, 118.98]
Pharmacotherapy alone*age				0.13	[0.01, 1.91]
Product substitution alone*age				0.69	[0.32, 1.52]
2+ strategies*age				2.28	[0.55, 9.52]
Covariates
Female		0.99	[0.72, 1.35]	0.99	[0.72, 1.36]
LGB+		1.21	[0.72, 2.02]	1.20	[0.72, 1.99]
Race/ethnicity
NH Black or Afr. Am.		0.47*	[0.29, 0.75]	0.47*	[0.30, 0.75]
Other race/ethnicity		0.75	[0.40, 1.39]	0.76	[0.41, 1.41]
Unable to pay bills		0.85	[0.59, 1.22]	0.84	[0.59, 1.20]
Education, high school+		1.86*	[1.11, 3.11]	1.88*	[1.12, 3.17]
Uses non-cigarette tobacco		1.37	[0.96, 1.97]	1.38	[0.96, 1.99]
Lives with tobacco user		0.74	[0.54, 1.00]	0.73	[0.54, 1.00]
Light or intermittent smoker		2.51*	[1.81, 3.49]	2.48*	[1.78, 3.45]
# quit attempts		0.98	[0.95, 1.01]	0.98	[0.95, 1.01]
Young adult		1.13	[0.79, 1.63]	1.16	[0.75, 1.80]
Constant		0.08	[0.04, 0.13]	0.07	[0.04, 0.13]
N		2502		2502
F statistic		4.82		3.74

CI = confidence interval; NH = Non-Hispanic.

^aWeighted percentages report the percentage of respondents from each quit attempt category who had the specific cessation outcome (eg of respondents who reported trying to quit unassisted, 68.9% had not quit at either wave).

^bEstimates from multinomial logistic regression with four-category outcome variable. Reference group: no quit at both Waves 2 and 3.

^cEstimates unstable due to limited sample size.

*p < .05.