Table 1.

Ethical Criteria for Interventions Using Incentives to Encourage Pregnant Women to Quit Smoking^a

Beneficence

Criterion 1: Is the intervention effective?

Criterion 2: Does the incentive support a healthy lifestyle?

Criterion 3: Is the intervention considered a motivator by the target population?

Nonmaleficence

Criterion 4: Does the intervention avoid stimulating unhealthy behavior?

Criterion 5: Is the risk for negative attitudes toward participants and the intervention minimized?

Respect for autonomy

Criterion 6: Is personal autonomy respected?

Criterion 7: Does the intervention also address intrinsic motivation?

Criterion 8: Is privacy respected?

Justice

Criterion 9: Is the intervention fair to non-smokers?

Criterion 10: Does the intervention allocate the incentives to those who deserve them?

Criterion 11: Is the intervention cost-effective?

Criterion 12: Does the intervention improve the health of those whose health is most impaired?

^aThis table is a summary of supplementary box 1, available at Nicotine and Tobacco Research online, available at Nicotine and Tobacco Research online. Supplementary box 1, available at Nicotine and Tobacco Research online provides an overview of the ethical criteria and ethical pitfalls within each criterion.