Fig. 2.

Damaged vascular endothelial glycocalyx. Vascular endothelial glycocalyx damage is associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction, which leads to reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, inflammatory cytokine release, platelet adherence, coagulation, and leukocyte adhesion. Abbreviations used: SARS-CoV-2: Severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2; VEGF: Vascular endothelial growth factor; VEGFR: VEGF receptor; ACE2: Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, sACE2: Soluble ACE2; PAI-1: Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; TF: Tissue factor; vWF: von Willebrand factor; ox-LDL: Oxidized low-density lipoprotein; MMPs: Matrix metalloproteases; tPA: Tissue plasminogen activator; PGI2: Prostacyclin; TM: Thrombomodulin.