Table 4.

Association between optimism (per 1 s.d.) and incident hypertension, modelled separately within categories of race/ethnicity, sex and age, 2009–2014

Demographic group	n (n cases)	HR (95% CI)
Race/ethnicitya
White	63 908 (8704)	0.90 (0.88–0.92)***
Black	20 743 (3806)	0.93 (0.90–0.96)***
Hispanic	11 391 (1539)	0.90 (0.85–0.95)***
Asian	4231 (450)	0.93 (0.84–1.04)
Others	3210 (553)	0.89 (0.81–0.97)**
Sexb
Male	86 137 (12 486)	0.91 (0.90–0.93)***
Female	17 349 (2566)	0.90 (0.86–0.94)***
Agec
30 years and younger	66 138 (7698)	0.93 (0.91–0.95)***
Over 30 years	37 345 (7354)	0.88 (0.86–0.91)***

HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval, s.d., standard deviation.

^aAdjusted for demographics (age, sex, education and marital status), rank, average deployment length prior to baseline, diabetes status, family history of CVD and depression.

^bAdjusted for demographics (age, race/ethnicity, education and marital status), rank, average deployment length prior to baseline, diabetes status, family history of CVD and depression.

^cAdjusted for demographics (age, sex, race/ethnicity, education and marital status), rank, average deployment length prior to baseline, diabetes status, family history of CVD and depression.

*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001.