Table 2.
Growth model for externalising problems (centred at age 3)
| Model-1 | Model-2 | Model-3 | Model-4 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects: coefficients (standard errors) | |||||
| Initial status, π0i | Intercept | 5.20** (0.026) | 10.26** (0.17) | 10.32** (0.19) | 18.72** (0.46) |
| Household income | |||||
| Lowest quintile | – | – | |||
| Second quintile | −0.54** (0.084) | −0.20* (0.068) | |||
| Third quintile | −0.96** (0.095) | −0.43** (0.077) | |||
| Fourth quintile | −1.11** (0.10) | −0.52** (0.083) | |||
| Fifth quintile | −1.25** (0.11) | −0.64** (0.092) | |||
| Maternal education | |||||
| None of below | – | – | |||
| Overseas quality only | −0.31 (0.19) | −0.29 (0.16) | |||
| NVQ level 1 | −0.38* (0.12) | −0.19 (0.097) | |||
| NVQ level 2 | −0.91** (0.93) | −0.48** (0.077) | |||
| NVQ level 3 | −1.14** (0.11) | −0.63** (0.087) | |||
| NVQ level 4 | −1.48** (0.10) | −0.95** (0.086) | |||
| NVQ level 5 | −1.58** (0.17) | −1.12** (0.14) | |||
| Maternal occupation | |||||
| Not in work/on leave | – | – | |||
| Semi-routine and routine | 0.29* (0.86) | 0.21* (0.069) | |||
| Lower supervisory and technical | 0.11 (0.17) | 0.24 (0.14) | |||
| Small employers and self-employed | −0.58* (0.17) | −0.32* (0.14) | |||
| Intermediate | −0.060 (0.96) | 0.058 (0.076) | |||
| Managerial and professional | −0.21* (0.087) | −0.0097 (0.068) | |||
| Linear rate of change, π1i | Intercept | −0.79** (0.055) | −0.80** (0.062) | −2.10** (0.19) | |
| Household income | |||||
| Lowest quintile | – | – | |||
| Second quintile | 0.0085 (0.028) | −0.018 (0.028) | |||
| Third quintile | 0.0097 (0.031) | −0.032 (0.031) | |||
| Fourth quintile | −0.0092 (0.034) | −0.052 (0.034) | |||
| Fifth quintile | 0.0088 (0.037) | −0.037 (0.037) | |||
| Maternal education | |||||
| None of below | – | – | |||
| Overseas quality only | 0.049 (0.064) | 0.069 (0.062) | |||
| NVQ level 1 | 0.066 (0.040) | 0.056 (0.039) | |||
| NVQ level 2 | 0.081* (0.032) | 0.059 (0.031) | |||
| NVQ level 3 | 0.078* (0.036) | 0.057 (0.036) | |||
| NVQ level 4 | 0.11* (0.035) | 0.096* (0.035) | |||
| NVQ level 5 | 0.15* (0.056) | 0.14* (0.055) | |||
| Maternal occupation | |||||
| Not in work/on leave | – | – | |||
| Semi-routine and routine | −0.012 (0.028) | −0.010 (0.028) | |||
| Lower supervisory and technical | 0.064 (0.056) | 0.056 (0.055) | |||
| Small employers and self-employed | 0.12* (0.056) | 0.10 (0.055) | |||
| Intermediate | 0.0081 (0.031) | −0.0054 (0.030) | |||
| Managerial and professional | 0.049 (0.028) | 0.023 (0.027) | |||
| Quadratic rate of change, π2i | Intercept | 0.058** (0.0051) | 0.058** (0.0057) | 0.13** (0.018) | |
| Household income | |||||
| Lowest quintile | – | – | |||
| Second quintile | −0.0022 (0.0026) | −0.00074 (0.0026) | |||
| Third quintile | −0.0027 (0.0029) | −0.00040 (0.0029) | |||
| Fourth quintile | −0.00079 (0.0031) | 0.0014 (0.0031) | |||
| Fifth quintile | −0.0014 (0.0034) | 0.0011 (0.0034) | |||
| Maternal education | |||||
| None of below | – | – | |||
| Overseas quality only | −0.0033 (0.0058) | −0.0048 (0.0057) | |||
| NVQ level 1 | −0.0028 (0.0037) | −0.0026 (0.0037) | |||
| NVQ level 2 | −0.0045 (0.0029) | −0.0037 (0.0030) | |||
| NVQ level 3 | −0.0045 (0.0033) | −0.0039 (0.0034) | |||
| NVQ level 4 | −0.0076* (0.0032) | −0.0076* (0.0033) | |||
| NVQ level 5 | −0.011* (0.0051) | −0.012* (0.0051) | |||
| Maternal occupation | |||||
| Not in work/on leave | – | – | |||
| Semi-routine and routine | 0.00058 (0.0026) | 0.00056 (0.0026) | |||
| Lower supervisory and technical | −0.0062 (0.0052) | −0.0059 (0.0051) | |||
| Small employers and self-employed | −0.0065 (0.0052) | −0.0053 (0.0051) | |||
| Intermediate | 0.00028 (0.0029) | 0.0012 (0.0028) | |||
| Managerial and professional | −0.0038 (0.0026) | −0.0022 (0.0025) | |||
| Variance components: standard deviations and correlation coefficients (standard errors) | |||||
| Level-1 | Within-person (σɛ) | 2.49 (0.0084) | 1.97 (0.0096) | 1.97 (0.0096) | 1.97 (0.0096) |
| Level-2 | Initial status (σ0) | 2.76 (0.020) | 2.86 (0.022) | 2.76 (0.022) | 1.94 (0.019) |
| Linear rate of change (σ1) | 0.60 (0.012) | 0.59 (0.012) | 0.54 (0.012) | ||
| Corr (linear – initial) | −0.26 (0.015) | −0.25 (0.015) | 0.057 (0.022) | ||
| Quadratic rate of change (σ2) | 0.045 (0.0013) | 0.045 (0.0013) | 0.042 (0.0013) | ||
| Corr (quadratic – initial) | 0.12 (0.019) | 0.11 (0.020) | −0.20 (0.027) | ||
| Corr (quadratic – linear) | −0.94 (0.0035) | −0.94 (0.0035) | −0.93 (0.0042) | ||
| Pseudo R2 statistics | |||||
|
0.38 | 0.38 | 0.37 | ||
|
0.07 | 0.54 | |||
|
0.007 | 0.19 | |||
|
0.006 | 0.13 | |||
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.001.
Model-1: empty.
Model-2: demographics.
Model-3: demographics + SEP.
Model-4: demographics + SEP + parenting.