Table 3.
Growth model for internalising problems (centred at age 3)
| Model-1 | Model-2 | Model-3 | Model-4 | Model-5 | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fixed effects: coefficients (standard errors) | ||||||
| Initial status, π0i | Intercept | 3.00** (0.019) | 4.13** (0.11) | 4.36** (0.12) | 10.09** (0.36) | 11.39** (0.44) |
| Household income | ||||||
| Lowest quintile | – | – | – | |||
| Second quintile | −0.32** (0.057) | −0.13* (0.053) | −0.76 (0.43) | |||
| Third quintile | −0.60** (0.064) | −0.26** (0.060) | −2.24** (0.46) | |||
| Fourth quintile | −0.80** (0.069) | −0.41** (0.065) | −2.95** (0.49) | |||
| Fifth quintile | −0.82** (0.076) | −0.42** (0.071) | −2.93** (0.50) | |||
| Maternal education | ||||||
| None of below | – | – | – | |||
| Overseas quality only | −0.47** (0.13) | −0.43** (0.12) | −0.43** (0.12) | |||
| NVQ level 1 | −0.49** (0.080) | −0.35** (0.074) | −0.34** (0.074) | |||
| NVQ level 2 | −0.77** (0.063) | −0.50** (0.059) | −0.48** (0.059) | |||
| NVQ level 3 | −0.92** (0.072) | −0.59** (0.068) | −0.58** (0.068) | |||
| NVQ level 4 | −1.03** (0.070) | −0.68** (0.067) | −0.68** (0.067) | |||
| NVQ level 5 | −0.92** (0.12) | −0.65** (0.11) | −0.64** (0.11) | |||
| Maternal occupation | ||||||
| Not in work/on leave | – | – | – | |||
| Semi-routine and routine | −0.013 (0.058) | −0.0066 (0.053) | 0.0030 (0.053) | |||
| Lower supervisory and technical | −0.084 (0.11) | −0.0085 (0.11) | −0.0055 (0.11) | |||
| Small employers and self-employed | −0.046 (0.12) | 0.11 (0.11) | 0.10 (0.11) | |||
| Intermediate | −0.27** (0.064) | −0.18* (0.059) | −0.19* (0.059) | |||
| Managerial and professional | −0.22** (0.058) | −0.10 (0.53) | −0.11* (0.053) | |||
| (Household income) × (CPRS) | ||||||
| Lowest quintile | – | |||||
| Second quintile | 0.010 (0.0067) | |||||
| Third quintile | 0.031** (0.0071) | |||||
| Fourth quintile | 0.040** (0.0075) | |||||
| Fifth quintile | 0.39** (0.0077) | |||||
| Linear rate of change, π1i | Intercept | −0.18** (0.046) | −0.21** (0.052) | −0.66** (0.16) | −0.83** (0.16) | |
| Household income | ||||||
| Lowest quintile | – | – | – | |||
| Second quintile | −0.0027 (0.024) | 0.0055 (0.024) | 0.032 (0.081) | |||
| Third quintile | −0.022 (0.026) | −0.013 (0.027) | 0.25* (0.087) | |||
| Fourth quintile | −0.041 (0.028) | −0.028 (0.029) | 0.35** (0.093) | |||
| Fifth quintile | −0.043 (0.031) | −0.029 (0.032) | 0.30* (0.096) | |||
| Maternal education | ||||||
| None of below | – | – | – | |||
| Overseas quality only | 0.11 (0.53) | 0.12* (0.053) | 0.12* (0.053) | |||
| NVQ level 1 | 0.011 (0.34) | 0.013 (0.034) | 0.013 (0.034) | |||
| NVQ level 2 | 0.036 (0.027) | 0.041 (0.027) | 0.039 (0.027) | |||
| NVQ level 3 | 0.073* (0.030) | 0.080* (0.031) | 0.079* (0.031) | |||
| NVQ level 4 | 0.084* (0.029) | 0.094* (0.030) | 0.093* (0.030) | |||
| NVQ level 5 | 0.087 (0.047) | 0.096* (0.047) | 0.094* (0.047) | |||
| Maternal occupation | ||||||
| Not in work/on leave | – | – | – | |||
| Semi-routine and routine | 0.00093 (0.024) | 0.0056 (0.024) | 0.0040 (0.024) | |||
| Lower supervisory and technical | 0.0075 (0.047) | 0.014 (0.047) | 0.014 (0.047) | |||
| Small employers and self-employed | 0.0070 (0.047) | 0.013 (0.047) | 0.013 (0.047) | |||
| Intermediate | −0.0049 (0.026) | 0.00031 (0.026) | 0.00082 (0.026) | |||
| Managerial and professional | −0.021 (0.023) | −0.019 (0.023) | −0.017 (0.023) | |||
| (Household income) × (CPRS) | ||||||
| Lowest quintile | – | |||||
| Second quintile | −0.00046 (0.0012) | |||||
| Third quintile | −0.0042* (0.0013) | |||||
| Fourth quintile | −0.0060** (0.0014) | |||||
| Fifth quintile | −0.0051* (0.0014) | |||||
| Quadratic rate of change, π0i | Intercept | 0.025** (0.0045) | 0.024** (0.0051) | 0.049* (0.015) | 0.049* (0.015) | |
| Household income | ||||||
| Lowest quintile | – | – | – | |||
| Second quintile | −0.00094 (0.0023) | −0.0016 (0.0024) | −0.0016 (0.0024) | |||
| Third quintile | 0.00023 (0.0026) | −0.00053 (0.0026) | −0.00057 (0.0026) | |||
| Fourth quintile | 0.00062 (0.0028) | −0.00045 (0.0028) | −0.00049 (0.0028) | |||
| Fifth quintile | −0.00023 (0.0030) | −0.0013 (0.0031) | −0.0014 (0.0031) | |||
| Maternal education | ||||||
| None of below | – | – | – | |||
| Overseas quality only | −0.0063 (0.0051) | −0.0071 (0.0051) | −0.0070 (0.0051) | |||
| NVQ level 1 | 0.0016 (0.0033) | 0.0011 (0.0033) | 0.0011 (0.0033) | |||
| NVQ level 2 | −0.00049 (0.0026) | −0.0015 (0.0027) | −0.0015 (0.0027) | |||
| NVQ level 3 | −0.0042 (0.0030) | −0.0055 (0.0030) | −0.0055 (0.0030) | |||
| NVQ level 4 | −0.0063* (0.0029) | −0.0079* (0.0030) | −0.0079* (0.0030) | |||
| NVQ level 5 | −0.0085 (0.0045) | −0.010* (0.0046) | −0.010* (0.0046) | |||
| Maternal occupation | ||||||
| Not in work/on leave | – | – | – | |||
| Semi-routine and routine | −0.00070 (0.0023) | −0.0011 (0.0023) | −0.0011 (0.0023) | |||
| Lower supervisory and technical | −0.00052 (0.0046) | −0.0011 (0.0046) | −0.0012 (0.0046) | |||
| Small employers and self-employed | 0.0012 (0.0046) | 0.00086 (0.0046) | 0.00085 (0.0046) | |||
| Intermediate | 0.000062 (0.0025) | −0.00035 (0.0025) | −0.00039 (0.0025) | |||
| Managerial and professional | 0.0018 (0.0023) | 0.0016 (0.0023) | 0.0016 (0.0023) | |||
| Variance components: standard deviations and correlation coefficients (standard errors) | ||||||
| Level-1 | Within-person (σɛ) | 2.15 (0.0072) | 1.77 (0.0086) | 1.77 (0.0086) | 1.77 (0.0086) | 1.76 (0.0086) |
| Level-2 | Initial status (σ0) | 1.91 (0.015) | 1.71 (0.017) | 1.63 (0.017) | 1.39 (0.017) | 1.42 (0.017) |
| Linear rate of change (σ1) | 0.42 (0.012) | 0.42 (0.012) | 0.41 (0.012) | 0.42 (0.012) | ||
| Corr (linear – initial) | 0.075 (0.025) | 0.085 (0.025) | 0.11 (0.028) | 0.12 (0.028) | ||
| Quadratic rate of change (σ2) | 0.037 (0.0012) | 0.037 (0.0012) | 0.036 (0.0012) | 0.036 (0.0012) | ||
| Corr (quadratic – initial) | −0.14 (0.027) | −0.16 (0.028) | −0.19 (0.031) | −0.20 (0.031) | ||
| Corr (quadratic – linear) | −0.83 (0.010) | −0.83 (0.010) | −0.83 (0.010) | −0.83 (0.010) | ||
| Pseudo R2 statistics | ||||||
|
0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | 0.33 | ||
|
0.08 | 0.34 | 0.34 | |||
|
0.007 | 0.03 | 0.03 | |||
|
0.005 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |||
*p < 0.05, **p < 0.001.
Model-1: empty.
Model-2: demographics.
Model-3: demographics + SEP.
Model-4: demographics + SEP + parenting.
Model-5: demographics + SEP + parenting + interaction term.