Table 1.
Baseline characteristics associated with immigrant status: multivariate logistic regression models
| All respondents | Non-immigrant | Immigrant | Immigrant v. non-immigrant | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| (N = 23 002) | (N = 18 620) | (N = 4382) | (N = 22 278) | |
| N (%) | N (%) | Adjusted OR (95% CI) | ||
| Predisposing characteristics | ||||
| Age, years, mean (s.d.) | 63 (10.4) | 63 (10.3) | 65 (10.7) | – |
| 45–60 | 9866 (42.9) | 8355 (44.9) | 1511 (34.5) | 1 |
| 61–70 | 6905 (30.0) | 5496 (29.5) | 1409 (32.2) | 1.72 (1.53–1.93) |
| 71–85 | 6231 (27.1) | 4769 (25.6) | 1462 (33.4) | 2.24 (1.96–2.57) |
| Sex | ||||
| Male | 12 200 (53.0) | 9699 (52.1) | 2501 (57.1) | 1 |
| Female | 10 802 (47.0) | 8921 (47.9) | 1881 (42.9) | 0.82 (0.75–0.90) |
| Marital status | ||||
| Single | 1808 (7.9) | 1575 (8.5) | 233 (5.3) | 1 |
| Married | 16 476 (71.6) | 13 221 (71.0) | 3255 (74.3) | 1.79 (1.46–2.19) |
| Widowed/divorced/separated | 4714 (20.5) | 3821(20.5) | 893 (20.4) | 1.38 (1.12–1.69) |
| Cultural and racial backgrounda | ||||
| White | 21 888 (95.2) | 18 388 (98.8) | 3500 (79.9) | – |
| Black | 199 (0.9) | 32 (0.2) | 167 (3.8) | – |
| South Asian | 255 (1.1) | 8 (0.0) | 247 (5.6) | – |
| Chinese | 196 (0.9) | 54 (0.3) | 142 (3.2) | – |
| Other | 399 (1.7) | 75 (0.4) | 324 (7.4) | – |
| Language most spoken at home | ||||
| French | 4121 (18.1) | 3830 (20.6) | 291 (6.6) | 1 |
| English | 18 675 (81.9) | 14 768 (79.3) | 3907 (89.2) | 6.27 (4.88–8.05) |
| Length of residence in Canada (years) | ||||
| 0–5 | – | – | 57 (1.3) | – |
| 6–10 | – | – | 155 (3.5) | – |
| 11–20 | – | – | 336 (7.7) | – |
| 21–40 | – | – | 1075 (24.5) | – |
| <40 | – | – | 2759 (63.0) | – |
| Age at arrival in Canada (years) | ||||
| 0–5 | – | – | 733 (16.7) | – |
| 6–17 | – | – | 754 (17.2) | – |
| 18–22 | – | – | 618 (14.1) | – |
| 22–40 | – | – | 1869 (42.6) | – |
| <40 | – | – | 408 (9.3) | – |
| Enabling resources | ||||
| Total household income Can $ | ||||
| <20 000 | 894 (4.2) | 865 (4.3) | 169 (3.9) | 1 |
| 20 000–less than 50 000 | 4546 (21.2) | 4023 (19.8) | 943 (21.5) | 0.80 (0.63–1.02) |
| 50 000–less than 100 000 | 7657 (35.6) | 6733 (33.1) | 1479 (33.8) | 0.60 (0.47–0.77) |
| ⩾100 000 | 8395 (39.0) | 7434 (36.6) | 1452 (33.1) | 0.48 (0.37–0.62) |
| Working status | ||||
| Employed | 9317 (40.6) | 7622 (40.9) | 1695 (38.7) | 1 |
| Unemployed | 809 (3.5) | 637 (3.4) | 172 (3.9) | 1.27 (1.01–1.61) |
| Retired | 12 815 (55.9) | 10 311 (55.4) | 2504 (57.1) | 0.64 (0.57–0.72) |
| Education level | ||||
| <Secondary school | 1204 (5.2) | 1071 (5.8) | 133 (3.0) | 1 |
| Secondary school | 2171 (9.5) | 1851 (9.9) | 320 (7.3) | 1.62 (1.24–2.14) |
| Post-secondary degree/diploma | 19 589 (85.3) | 15 680 (84.2) | 3909 (89.2) | 2.46 (1.93–3.12) |
| Setting | ||||
| Urban | 19 918 (87.7) | 16 007 (86.0) | 3911 (89.3) | 1 |
| Rural/suburban | 2795 (12.3) | 2385 (12.8) | 410 (9.4) | 0.77 (0.67–0.88) |
| Province | ||||
| Quebec | 4384 (19.1) | 3856 (20.7) | 528 (11.0) | 1 |
| British Columbia | 4734 (20.6) | 3409 (18.3) | 1325 (30.2) | 0.66 (0.53–0.83) |
| Ontario | 4867 (21.1) | 3713 (19.9) | 1154 (26.3) | 0.60 (0.48–0.74) |
| Other | 9017 (39.2) | 7642 (41.0) | 1375 (31.4) | 0.31 (0.25–0.39) |
| Needs-related factors | ||||
| Perceived health | ||||
| Poor | 190 (0.8) | 140 (0.8) | 50 (1.1) | – |
| Fair | 1324 (5.8) | 1072 (5.8) | 252 (5.8) | – |
| Good | 6364 (27.7) | 5068 (27.2) | 1296 (29.6) | – |
| Very good | 9966 (43.3) | 8189 (44.0) | 1777 (40.6) | – |
| Excellent | 5141 (22.4) | 4139 (22.2) | 1002 (22.9) | – |
| Medical conditions (Yes v. No) | ||||
| Living with pain | 7232 (32.8) | 5846 (31.4) | 1386 (31.6) | – |
| Bowel disorders | 1798 (7.8) | 1500 (8.1) | 298 (6.8) | 0.78 (0.66–0.92) |
| Arthritis | 655 (2.9) | 524 (2.8) | 131 (3.0) | – |
| Myocardial infarction | 1087 (4.7) | 867 (4.7) | 220 (5.0) | – |
| Stroke | 351 (1.5) | 274 (1.5) | 77 (1.8) | – |
| Cancer | 3551 (15.5) | 2856 (15.3) | 695 (15.9) | 0.86 (0.77–0.97) |
| Hypertension | 8250 (36.0) | 6632 (35.6) | 1618 (36.9) | – |
| Diabetes | 3738 (16.3) | 2997 (16.1) | 741 (16.9) | – |
| Anxiety disorders | 715 (3.1) | 611 (3.3) | 104 (2.4) | – |
| Personal health choices | ||||
| Alcohol consumption | ||||
| Never | 2331 (10.4) | 1845 (9.9) | 486 (11.1) | – |
| About once a month | 4095 (18.2) | 3281 (17.6) | 814 (18.6) | – |
| 2–4 times a month | 4865 (21.7) | 4049 (21.7) | 816 (18.6) | – |
| >2 times a week | 11 155 (49.7) | 9063 (48.7) | 2092 (47.7) | – |
| Smoking status | ||||
| Smoker | 1704 (7.5) | 1470 (7.9) | 234 (5.3) | 1 |
| Former smoker | 13 697 (59.9) | 11 248 (60.4) | 2449 (55.9) | 1.38 (1.13–1.68) |
| Non-smoker | 7470 (32.7) | 5795 (31.1) | 1675 (38.2) | 1.72 (1.41–2.11) |
| Weight classificationb | ||||
| Underweight | 157 (0.7) | 124 (0.7) | 33 (0.8) | 0.93 (0.55–1.50) |
| Normal weight | 7039 (30.7) | 5586 (30.0) | 1453 (33.2) | 1 |
| Overweight | 9465 (41.3) | 7630 (41.0) | 1835 (41.9) | 0.88 (0.80–0.97) |
| Obese | 6261 (27.3) | 5209 (28.0) | 1052 (24.0) | 0.73 (0.65–0.82) |
| Physical activity | ||||
| Never or once a year | 5570 (24.3) | 4350 (23.4) | 1220 (27.8) | 1 |
| Once a month | 4147 (18.0) | 3421 (18.4) | 726 (16.6) | 0.77 (0.68–0.88) |
| Once a week | 11046 (48.1) | 9012 (48.4) | 2034 (46.4) | 0.75 (0.67–0.83) |
| Once a day | 2207 (9.6) | 1810 (9.7) | 397 (9.1) | 0.70 (0.59–0.82) |
OR, odds ratio; CI, confidence interval.
The variables that were not significant (p-value>0.05) on the multivariate level were removed from the table. Sex, age and province were forced in the model.
a
Individuals with missing values on one or more variables were excluded from the model. The cultural and racial background variable was excluded from the univariate and multivariate logistic regression because it was highly correlated with immigrant status.
b
Based on body mass index international classification for adults ⩾18 years of age.