Table 2.

Processes of care

Outcome	Type	Author, year	Findings	Consistency of evidence
Patient compliance and adherence of treatment prescriptions to guidelines	M_A	Smith et al. (2016)	2/4 studies found a positive effect of CM relating to medication use and adherence, while 2/4 did not. The range of standardized effect sizes indicated minimal effects of the interventions.	High consistency of evidence of effectiveness of CM improving adherence of treatment prescriptions to guidelines. Low consistency of evidence regarding patient compliance.
	SR_A	Hickam et al. (2013)	1/1 study on older adults with one or more chronic diseases found no difference in self-management understanding and adherence.
	SR_A	Low et al. (2011)	2/3 studies showed improvements in the management of medication. 1/3 studies reported no difference in the management of medication.
	SR_C	Boult et al. (2009)	4/4 studies found positive results in a set of compliance measures (↑ use of appropriate meds; ↑ adherence to guidelines; ↑ care quality; ↑ self-care behavior).

M_A = high-quality meta-analyses; SR_A = high-quality systematic reviews; SR_B = intermediate-quality systematic reviews; SR_C = low-quality systematic reviews.