Table.
Examples of Inflammatory Mediators of Microbial-Induced Disease.
| Marker | Bacteria | Function | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Immune activation: exacerbates disease | |||
| IL-1β | Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans | Inflammasome cytokine activation. Leukotoxin-induced macrophage cell death. | Kelk et al. (2011) |
| IL-18 | A. actinomycetemcomitans | Inflammasome cytokine activation. Leukotoxin-induced macrophage cell death. | Kelk et al. (2011) |
| Th17 | A. actinomycetemcomitans | Proinflammatory; immune evasion; promoted Th17 activation and induced atherosclerotic lesions | Jia et al. (2015) |
| IL-6 | Fusobacterium nucleatum | FadA adhesin/invasin of F. nucleatum is a key virulence factor; implicated in oral infections, adverse pregnancy outcomes, gastrointestinal disorders, etc. | Han (2015) |
| IL-8 | F. nucleatum | FadA adhesin/invasin of F. nucleatum is a key virulence factor; implicated in oral infections, adverse pregnancy outcomes, gastrointestinal disorders, etc. | Han (2015) |
| TNF-α | F. nucleatum | FadA adhesin/invasin of F. nucleatum is a key virulence factor; implicated in oral infections, adverse pregnancy outcomes, gastrointestinal disorders, etc. | Han (2015) |
| Th1 | Klebsiella pneumoniae, K. aeromobilis | Proinflammatory; oral Klebsiella promoted Th1 proliferation and gut inflammation and disrupted tissue homeostasis (murine) | Atarashi et al. (2017) |
| IL-1β | Porphyromonas gingivalis | Proinflammatory; P. gingivalis enhanced expression/secretion; correlated with periodontitis; periodontitis treatment decreased IL-1β levels | Hamedi et al. (2009); Gilowski et al. (2014) |
| IL-17 | P. gingivalis | Proinflammatory; produced in response to P. gingivalis; increased Th17 cells in mesenteric lymph nodes; aggravated articular injury in arthritis, arthritic bone destruction | de Aquino et al. (2014); Sato et al. (2017) |
| IL-18 | P. gingivalis | Proinflammatory; P. gingivalis upregulated; stimulated MMP-8 production; leads to inflammatory bone loss | Johnson and Serio (2005); Hamedi et al. (2009) |
| IL-23 | P. gingivalis | Proinflammatory; secreted by myeloid antigen-presenting cells in response to P. gingivalis; promoted Th17 pathogenicity, suppressed anti-inflammatory IL-10; associated with periodontal tissue damage | McGeachy et al. (2007); Himani et al. (2014) |
| IL-33 | P. gingivalis | Proinflammatory; drove differentiation/polarization of myeloid and lymphoid cells; may induce alveolar bone destruction via RANKL | Malcolm et al. (2015); Tada et al. (2016); Tada et al. (2017) |
| IL-17 | Prevotella nigrescens | Proinflammatory; produced in response to P. nigrescens; increased Th17 cells in mesenteric lymph nodes; aggravated articular injury in arthritis, arthritic bone destruction | de Aquino et al. (2014) |
| IFN-γ | Streptococcus mutans | S. mutans induced in the liver to exacerbate colitis/digestive disease | Kojima et al. (2012) |
| MMP-9 | S. mutans | Induced MMP-9 expression to exacerbate cerebral hemorrhage in stroke | Nakano et al. (2011) |
| Immune protective: promotes health | |||
| MMP-3 | Lactobacillus casei | Decreased neutrophil elastase and MMP-3 activities in GCF | Staab et al. (2009) |
| MPO | L. casei | Gingival inflammation was lower in the group consuming the probiotic product, as measured by MPO activity after a 4-d period of experimental gingivitis. | Staab et al. (2009) |
| scFV | Lactobacillus paracasei | Synthetic expression of functional scFV antibody binding to the surface of P. gingivalis; decreased P. gingivalis-related phenotypes | Marcotte et al. (2006) |
| IL-12 | P. gingivalis | Anti-inflammatory; role in bacterial clearance; secreted by mononuclear phagocytes/dendritic cells; promoted IFN-γ production/Th1 differentiation; inhibited osteoclastogenesis/bone resorption | Horwood et al. (2001); Johnson and Serio (2005) |
| IL-37 | P. gingivalis | Anti-inflammatory; Treg secretion suppressed NK cell function; can suppress osteoclast formation; downregulated in GCF of chronic periodontitis. | Offenbacher et al. (2018); Sarhan et al. (2018) |
| IFN-γ | P. gingivalis | Protective against P. gingivalis induced osteoclastogenesis / bone resorption. | Horwood et al. (2001) |
Table sorted by immune function (exacerbating or ameliorating disease) and biological factor (marker).
GCF, gingival crevicular fluid; IFN, interferon; IL, interleukin; MMP, matrix metalloproteinase; NK, natural killer; scFV, single-chain variable fragment; Th, T helper.