Table 4.
Summary of Semen Parameters in Men From the General Population Living in Northern or Eastern European Countries.
| Reference | Region | Age, years | Semen parameters, Mean (Median) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Semen volume, ml | Sperm concentration, ×106/ml | Sperm motility, % | Morphologically normal sperm, % | |||
| Jørgensen et al., 2002 | Finland (n = 324) Estonia (n = 104) Norway (n = 240) Denmark (n = 300) |
military conscripts 18 |
3.3 (3.0) 3.2 (3.1) 3.1 (2.9) 3.3 (3.0) |
72 (61) 72 (62) 69 (53) 57 (44) |
64 (66)a
73 (75)a 64 (66)a 65 (68)a |
8.9 (9.0)c
9.2 (9.0)c 6.9 (7.0)c 6.4 (5.0)c |
| Punab et al., 2002 | Lithuania (n = 196) Estonia (n = 79) |
18 19 |
2.8 (2.5) 3.3 (3.0) |
75 (65) 81 (64) |
76 (79)a
74 (76)a |
6.2 (6.0)c
7.7 (7.0)c |
| Malm et al., 2004 | Norway: Oslo (n = 112) Tromsoe (n = 92) |
19–40 | − (3.6) – (3.7) |
− (53) – (62) |
− (48)b
– (50)b |
− |
| Paasch et al., 2008 | Germany: Hamburg (n = 334) Leipzig (n = 457) |
military conscripts 19.7 18.9 |
3.4 (3.2) 2.7 (2.6) |
63 (49) 65 (45) |
66 (68)a
77 (82)a |
9.3 (8.5)c
8.3 (8.0)c |
| Axelsson et al., 2011 | Sweden (Malmo area) (n = 295) |
17–20 | 2.9 (2.7) | 71 (56) | 53 (58)b | − |
| Jørgensen et al., 2012 | Denmark (Copenhagen area) (n = 4867) |
18–19 | 3.4 (3.2) | 60 (45) | 65 (68)a
56 (59)b |
7.1 (6.5)c |
| Halling et al., 2013 | Faroe Islands (n = 481) Denmark (n = 1274) |
24 19 |
4.1 (3.9) 3.6 (3.3) |
57 (40) 62 (48) |
64 (64)a
65 (68)a |
6.9 (6.5)c
7.5 (7.0)c |
| Kamieniczna et al., 2015 | Poland: Poznan (n = 113) Lublin (n = 89) |
18–35 | 3.5 (– ) 3.1 (– ) |
49.6 (– ) 40.9 (– ) |
42.3 (– )b
47.5 (– )b |
− |
| Erenpreiss et al., 2017 | Estonia: Russians (n = 272) Estonians (n = 301) Latvia (n = 278) Lithuania (n = 314) |
16–29 | − (3.0) – (3.4) – (3.2) – (3.4) |
− (68) – (63) – (55) – (63) |
− (57)b
– (59)b – (61)b – (60)b |
− (11.5)c
– (12.0)c – (11.5)c – (12.0)c |
| Our study | European North of Russia (n = 90) | 21–63 | 3.3 (3.0) | 55.8 (42.1) | 45.0 (43.8) b | 7.0 (6.5) |
Note. aThe sum of progressively motile (classes A + B) and local motile (class C) sperm. bWHO progressive motility (classes A + B). cSemen morphology was defined according to “strict criteria” (Menkveld et al., 1990).