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[Preprint]. 2020 Sep 15:rs.3.rs-62758. Originally published 2020 Aug 20. [Version 2] doi: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-62758/v2

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Macrophages were highly involved at the severe stage of COVID-19 (A) H+E (Hematoxylin and Eosin) staining on the bronchial or alveolar region in healthy or severe COVID-19 case. Pulmonary hemorrhagic infarct (denoted by arrow heads) (B) Immunohistochemistry (IHC) using antibody against CD68 revealed macrophage with aggregated phenotype and enlarged nuclei in COVID-19 lung, compared to the ones in healthy lung. (C) Immunofluorescence (IF) staining on healthy or COVID-19 distal lung tissues using antibodies against CD68 (pan-macrophage marker), and CD80 (M1 macrophage marker) (D) Quantification on CD68+ or CD80+ macrophages in healthy or COVID-19 distal lung tissues. (E) IF staining on healthy or COVID distal lung tissues using antibodies against CD68 and CD163 (M2 macrophage marker) (F) Quantification on CD68+ or CD163+ macrophages in healthy or COVID-19 distal lung tissues. (G) IF staining on healthy or COVID-19 distal lung tissues using antibodies against CD68 and IL-6. Scale bar = 100 μm in all images in Figure 1. Data was presented as mean ± STDEV. P values were calculated by unpaired two-tailed Student’s t test. **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001.