Table 1.

Summary of dimensionality reduction methods

Dimensionality reduction method		Reference	Year	Usage or download URL
1	PCA	[11]	1987	MATLAB, Python, R etc. all have a free package
3	FA	[51]	1980	http://personality-project.org/r
4	Classical multidimensional scaling	[52]	1978	https://www.statmethods.net/advstats/mds.html
5	Sammon mapping	[53]	1969	MATLAB, Python, R, etc. all have a free package
6	Linear discriminant analysis	/	1936	MATLAB, Python, R, etc. all have a free package
9	Local linear embedding (LLE)	[55]	2000	https://cs.nyu.edu/∼roweis/lle/code.html
10	Laplacian eigenmaps	[56]	2003	MATLAB, Python, R, etc. all have a free package
11	Hessian LLE	[57]	2003	https://cs.nyu.edu/∼roweis/code.html
12	Local tangent space alignment	[58]	2004	https://manifoldlearningjl.readthedocs.io/en/latest/ltsa.html
18	Generalized discriminant analysis	[59]	2000	https://github.com/mhaghighat/gda
20	Neighborhood preserving embedding	[60]	2005	http://www.cad.zju.edu.cn/home/dengcai/Data/code/NPE.m
21	Locality preserving projection	[61]	2005	http://www.cad.zju.edu.cn/home/dengcai/Data/code/LPP.m
22	t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding	[45]	2008	https://lvdmaaten.github.io/tsne/
23	LMNN	[19]	2005	http://kilian.cs.cornell.edu/code/lmnn/lmnn.html