Table 5.
Precautionary measures in the past 14 days and association with psychological impact (n=1879).
| Variable | n (%) | Stress | Anxiety | Depression | Impact of event | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Normal and Mild n (%) | At least Moderate n (%) | p-value* | Normal and Mild n (%) | At least Moderate n (%) | p-value* | Normal and Mild n (%) | At least Moderate n (%) | p-value* | Normal and Mild n (%) | At least Moderate n (%) | p-value* | ||
| Covering mouth when coughing and sneezing | 0.632 | 0.130 | 0.238 | 0.879 | |||||||||
| Always | 1317 (70.1) | 1143 (86.8) | 174 (13.2) | 957 (72.7) | 360 (27.3) | 1105 (83.9) | 212 (16.1) | 1107 (84.1) | 210 (15.9) | ||||
| Most of the time | 482 (25.7) | 411 (85.3) | 71 (14.7) | 322 (66.8) | 160 (33.2) | 387 (80.3) | 95 (19.7) | 397 (82.4) | 85 (17.6) | ||||
| Sometimes | 56 (3) | 51 (91.1) | 5 (8.9) | 43 (76.8) | 13 (23.2) | 49 (87.5) | 7 (12.5) | 48 (85.7) | 8 (14.3) | ||||
| Occasionally | 17 (0.9) | 16 (94.1) | 1 (5.9) | 11 (64.7) | 6 (35.3) | 14 (82.4) | 3 (17.6) | 15 (88.2) | 2 (11.8) | ||||
| Never | 7 (0.4) | 6 (85.7) | 1 (14.3) | 5 (71.4) | 2 (28.6) | 7 (100) | 0 (0) | 6 (85.7) | 1 (14.3) | ||||
| Avoiding sharing of utensils | 0.589 | 0.091 | 0.514 | 0.867 | |||||||||
| Always | 923 (49.1) | 795 (86.1) | 128 (13.9) | 676 (73.2) | 247 (26.8) | 776 (84.1) | 147 (15.9) | 765 (82.9) | 158 (17.1) | ||||
| Most of the time | 423 (22.5) | 375 (88.7) | 48 (11.3) | 286 (67.6) | 137 (32.4) | 345 (81.6) | 78 (18.4) | 360 (85.1) | 63 (14.9) | ||||
| Sometimes | 219 (11.7) | 191 (87.2) | 28 (12.8) | 161 (73.5) | 58 (26.5) | 187 (85.4) | 32 (14.6) | 185 (84.5) | 34 (15.5) | ||||
| Occasionally | 123 (6.5) | 105 (85.4) | 18 (14.6) | 79 (64.2) | 44 (35.8) | 99 (80.5) | 24 (19.5) | 102 (82.9) | 21 (17.1) | ||||
| Never | 191 (10.2) | 161 (84.3) | 30 (15.7) | 136 (71.2) | 55 (28.8) | 155 (81.2) | 36 (18.8) | 161 (84.3) | 30 (15.7) | ||||
| Washing hands with soap and water | 0.034 | 0.007 | 0.070 | 0.291 | |||||||||
| Always | 1534 (81.6) | 1337 (87.2) | 197 (12.8) | 1109 (72.3) | 425 (27.7) | 1286 (83.8) | 248 (16.2) | 1292 (84.2) | 242 (15.8) | ||||
| Most of the time | 307 (16.3) | 263 (85.7) | 44 (14.3) | 207 (67.4) | 100 (32.6) | 250 (81.4) | 57 (18.6) | 253 (82.4) | 54 (17.6) | ||||
| Sometimes | 32 (1.7) | 23 (71.9) | 9 (28.1) | 21 (65.6) | 11 (34.4) | 22 (68.8) | 10 (31.3) | 24 (75) | 8 (25) | ||||
| Occasionally | 6 (0.3) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 1 (16.7) | 5 (83.3) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | 4 (66.7) | 2 (33.3) | ||||
| Never | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | ||||
| Washing hands immediately after coughing, rubbing nose or sneezing | 0.067 | 0.486 | 0.606 | 0.172 | |||||||||
| Always | 1053 (56) | 926 (87.9) | 127 (12.1) | 763 (72.5) | 290 (27.5) | 884 (84) | 169 (16) | 899 (85.4) | 154 (14.6) | ||||
| Most of the time | 521 (27.7) | 443 (85) | 78 (15) | 360 (69.1) | 161 (30.9) | 426 (81.8) | 95 (18.2) | 426 (81.8) | 95 (18.2) | ||||
| Sometimes | 215 (11.4) | 187 (87) | 28 (13) | 155 (72.1) | 60 (27.9) | 180 (83.7) | 35 (16.3) | 178 (82.8) | 37 (17.2) | ||||
| Occasionally | 68 (3.6) | 52 (76.5) | 16 (23.5) | 44 (64.7) | 24 (35.3) | 53 (77.9) | 15 (22.1) | 52 (76.5) | 16 (23.5) | ||||
| Never | 22 (1.2) | 19 (86.4) | 3 (13.6) | 16 (72.7) | 6 (27.3) | 19 (86.4) | 3 (13.6) | 18 (81.8) | 4 (18.2) | ||||
| Wearing mask regardless of presence or absence of symptoms | 0.011 | 0.077 | 0.277 | 0.366 | |||||||||
| Always | 740 (39.4) | 656 (88.6) | 84 (11.4) | 554 (74.9) | 186 (25.1) | 630 (85.1) | 110 (14.9) | 626 (84.6) | 114 (15.4) | ||||
| Most of the time | 452 (24.1) | 382 (84.5) | 70 (15.5) | 316 (69.9) | 136 (30.1) | 375 (83) | 77 (17) | 383 (84.7) | 69 (15.3) | ||||
| Sometimes | 335 (17.8) | 295 (88.1) | 40 (11.9) | 229 (68.4) | 106 (31.6) | 271 (80.9) | 64 (19.1) | 276 (82.4) | 59 (17.6) | ||||
| Occasionally | 225 (12) | 195 (86.7) | 30 (13.3) | 152 (67.6) | 73 (32.4) | 186 (82.7) | 39 (17.3) | 189 (84) | 36 (16) | ||||
| Never | 127 (6.8) | 99 (78) | 28 (22) | 87 (68.5) | 40 (31.5) | 100 (78.7) | 27 (21.3) | 99 (78) | 28 (22) | ||||
| Washing hands after touching contaminated objects | 0.023 | 0.086 | 0.116 | 0.074 | |||||||||
| Always | 1315 (70) | 1159 (88.1) | 156 (11.9) | 961 (73.1) | 354 (26.9) | 1112 (84.6) | 203 (15.4) | 1111 (84.5) | 204 (15.5) | ||||
| Most of the time | 417 (22.2) | 351 (84.2) | 66 (15.8) | 281 (67.4) | 136 (32.6) | 334 (80.1) | 83 (19.9) | 351 (84.2) | 66 (15.8) | ||||
| Sometimes | 108 (5.7) | 87 (80.6) | 21 (19.4) | 71 (65.7) | 37 (34.3) | 87 (80.6) | 21 (19.4) | 80 (74.1) | 28 (25.9) | ||||
| Occasionally | 30 (1.6) | 23 (76.7) | 7 (23.3) | 20 (66.7) | 10 (33.3) | 22 (73.3) | 8 (26.7) | 24 (80) | 6 (20) | ||||
| Never | 9 (0.5) | 7 (77.8) | 2 (22.2) | 5 (55.6) | 4 (44.4) | 7 (77.8) | 2 (22.2) | 7 (77.8) | 2 (22.2) | ||||
| Average number of hours per day staying at home to avoid COVID-19 | 0.289 | 0.026 | 0.005 | 0.056 | |||||||||
| 0-9 | 493 (26.2) | 426 (86.4) | 67 (13.6) | 373 (75.7) | 120 (24.3) | 430 (87.2) | 63 (12.8) | 428 (86.8) | 65 (13.2) | ||||
| 10-19 | 405 (21.6) | 360 (88.9) | 45 (11.1) | 289 (71.4) | 116 (28.6) | 341 (84.2) | 64 (15.8) | 341 (84.2) | 64 (15.8) | ||||
| 20-24 | 981 (52.2) | 841 (85.7) | 140 (14.3) | 676 (68.9) | 305 (31.1) | 791 (80.6) | 190 (19.4) | 804 (82) | 177 (18) | ||||
| Feeling that too much unnecessary worry has been made about COVID-19 | <0.001 | 0.002 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |||||||||
| Always | 213 (11.3) | 162 (76.1) | 51 (23.9) | 128 (60.1) | 85 (39.9) | 154 (72.3) | 59 (27.7) | 148 (69.5) | 65 (30.5) | ||||
| Most of the time | 455 (24.2) | 405 (89) | 50 (11) | 322 (70.8) | 133 (29.2) | 384 (84.4) | 71 (15.6) | 386 (84.8) | 69 (15.2) | ||||
| Sometime | 457 (24.3) | 416 (91) | 41 (9) | 344 (75.3) | 113 (24.7) | 390 (85.3) | 67 (14.7) | 401 (87.7) | 56 (12.3) | ||||
| Occasional | 312 (16.6) | 263 (84.3) | 49 (15.7) | 221 (70.8) | 91 (29.2) | 256 (82.1) | 56 (17.9) | 264 (84.6) | 48 (15.4) | ||||
| Never | 442 (23.5) | 381 (86.2) | 61 (13.8) | 323 (73.1) | 119 (26.9) | 378 (85.5) | 64 (14.5) | 374 (84.6) | 68 (15.4) | ||||
⁎
The Chi-square statistic is significant at p< 0.05 level.