Table 2.
Covariates Adjusted Association Between Sociodemographic Factors and Caregivers and the Outcomes Change in Functional Limitations and SNF Admissions From Joint Modeling
| Exposure variables | Change in Functional Limitations Beta (95% CI)* | SNF Admission HR (95% CI)† |
|---|---|---|
| Sociodemographic Model‡ | ||
| Sex | ||
| Male vs female | −0.17 (−0.34; −0.00) | 1.02 (0.82; 1.26) |
| Race/ethnicity | ||
| Non-Hispanic whites vs others | 0.13 (−0.06; 0.32) | 1.31 (1.03; 1.65) |
| Education (reference: college or higher) | ||
| <9th grade education | 0.03 (−0.25; 0.31) | 1.57 (1.14; 2.17) |
| 9th-12 th grade and high school | −0.12 (−0.51; 0.27) | 1.19(0.75; 1.90) |
| Vocational training | 0.04 (−0.24; 0.33) | 0.95 (0.68; 1.33) |
| Cohabitation status (reference: living alone) | ||
| Living with a partner | 0.06 (−0.12; 0.24) | 0.42 (0.32; 0.54) |
| Living with others | 0.09 (−0.18; 0.36) | 0.46 (0.30; 0.70) |
| Living with partner and others | −0.06 (−0.26; 0.14) | 0.80 (0.61; 1.04) |
| Number of caregiver (reference: 0) | ||
| 1–2 | −0.04 (−0.21; 0.12) | 1.53 (1.13; 2.08) |
| 3+ | −0.04 (−0.25; 0.16) | 2.27 (1.61; 3.21) |
| Change in functional limitations‡ | ||
| One unit change | 1.26(1.22; 1.30) | |
| Caregiver Model4§ | ||
| Paid caregiver | ||
| Yes vs no | 0.02 (−0.16; 0.20) | 1.30 (0.99; 1.69) |
| Medical-supportive caregiver | ||
| Yes vs no | 1.06 (0.92; 1.20) | 1.95 (1.57; 2.43) |
| Partner caregiver | ||
| Yes vs no | −0.23 (−0.72; 0.25) | 0.48 (0.38; 0.61) |
| Child caregiver | ||
| Yes vs no | −0.08 (−0.40; 0.25) | 0.91 (0.63; 1.31) |
| Neighbor/friend caregiver | ||
| Yes vs. no | −0.09 (−0.28; 0.09) | 0.93 (0.72; 1.19) |
| Any family caregiver | ||
| Yes vs no | −0.15 (−0.85; 0.55) | 1.15 (0.49; 2.72) |
| Number of caregiver sources (reference: 1) | ||
| 2–3 | −0.26 (−0.02; 0.53) | 1.08 (0.78; 1.48) |
| 4+ | 0.17 (−0.19; 0.53) | 1.16 (0.69; 1.95) |
| Change in functional limitations‖ | ||
| One unit change | 1.20 (1.15;1.24) | |
Note. Bold values are statistically significant (P < .05).
CI, confidence interval.
*
Based on estimates from linear mixed effect model with random intercept and slope in joint model.
†
Based on estimates from Cox regression model in the joint model.
‡
All exposures included in the same model + age, time, dementia, self-rated health, and comorbidities.
§
All exposures included in the same model + age, time, dementia, self-rated health, comorbidities, cohabitation, education, race/ethnicity, and sex.
‖
This is a parameter estimated from the joint model.