Table 1.
Characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients by survival or non-survival status during hospitalisation
| Characteristic | No./total no. (%) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total (n = 8910) | Survivors (n = 6981) | Non-survivors (n = 1929) | ||
| Demographic characteristics | ||||
| Age (years) | ||||
| 16–30 | 149/8906 (1.7) | 149/6979 (2.1) | 0/1927 (0.0) | <0.0001* |
| 31–44 | 607/8906 (6.8) | 596/6979 (8.5) | 11/1927 (0.6) | |
| 45–64 | 2685/8906 (30.2) | 2503/6979 (35.9) | 182/1927 (9.4) | |
| 65–79 | 2655/8906 (29.8) | 2017/6979 (28.9) | 638/1927 (33.1) | |
| ≥80 | 2810/8906 (31.6) | 1714/6979 (24.6) | 1096/1927 (56.9) | |
| Median (IQR) age (years) | 71 (57–82) | 66 (54–79) | 82 (73–87) | |
| Male sex | 4807/8819 (54.5) | 3711/6919 (53.6) | 1096/1900 (57.7) | 0.0017± |
| Pre-existing conditions | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 3084/8910 (34.6) | 2093/6981 (30.0) | 991/1929 (51.4) | <0.0001± |
| Arterial hypertension | 3622/8910 (40.7) | 2641/6981 (37.8) | 981/1929 (50.9) | <0.0001± |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1985/8910 (22.3) | 1442/6981 (20.7) | 543/1929 (28.1) | <0.0001± |
| Chronic renal disease | 1166/8910 (13.1) | 733/6981 (10.5) | 433/1929 (22.4) | <0.0001± |
| Chronic liver disease | 237/8910 (2.7) | 160/6981 (2.3) | 77/1929 (4.0) | <0.0001± |
| Chronic lung disease | 1353/8910 (15.2) | 976/6981 (14.0) | 377/1929 (19.5) | <0.0001± |
| Neurological disorders | 832/8910 (9.3) | 555/6981 (8.0) | 277/1929 (14.4) | <0.0001± |
| Cognitive disorders a | 1001/8338 (12.0) | 627/6539 (9.6) | 374/1799 (20.8) | <0.0001± |
| Immunosuppressive conditions | 248/8910 (2.7) | 191/6981 (2.7) | 57/1929 (3.0) | 0.6049± |
| Malignancy | ||||
| Solid | 730/8910 (8.2) | 507/6981 (7.3) | 223/1929 (11.6) | <0.0001± |
| Haematological | 174 /8910 (2.0) | 118/6981 (1.7) | 56/1929 (2.9) | 0.0007± |
| Obesity a | 545/5457 (10.0) | 450/4313 (10.4) | 95/1144 (8.3) | 0.0327± |
| Current smoker | 407/4757 (8.6) | 312/3793 (8.2) | 95/964 (9.9) | 0.1064± |
| Medications | ||||
| ACE inhibitor | 1368/8907 (15.3) | 1030/6979 (14.8) | 338/1928 (17.5) | 0.0028± |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 806/8907 (9.0) | 604/6979 (8.7) | 202/1928 (10.5) | 0.0135± |
| COVID-19 treatments | ||||
| Supportive care only | 3533/8910 (39.6) | 2576/6981 (36.9) | 957/1929 (49.6) | <0.0001± |
| HCQ | 4542/8910 (51.0) | 3738/6981 (53.5) | 804/1929 (41.7) | <0.0001± |
| HCQ + macrolides | 761/8910 (8.5) | 617/6981 (8.5) | 144/1929 (7.5) | 0.0561± |
| Lopinavir/ritonavir | 12/8910 (0.1) | 7/6981 (0.1) | 5/1929 (0.3) | 0.2358± |
| HCQ + lopinavir/ritonavir | 18/8910 (0.2) | 10/6981 (0.1) | 8 /1929 (0.4) | 0.0504± |
| HCQ + tocilizumab | 17/8910 (0.2) | 12/6981 (0.2) | 5/1929 (0.3) | 0.4367± |
| HCQ + tocilizumab + macrolides | 7/8910 (0.1) | 5/6981 (0.1) | 2/1929 (0.1) | 0.6565± |
| HCQ + remdesivir | 4/8910 (0.0) | 2/6981 (0.0) | 2/1929 (0.1) | 0.1685± |
| Others | 16/8910 (0.2) | 14/6981 (0.2) | 2/1929 (0.1) | 0.3738± |
| Laboratory parameters | ||||
| LDH (IU/L) (median (IQR) [no.]) | 343 (258–477) [7385] | 329 (251–459) [5909] | 394 (288–548) [1476] | <0.0001* |
| LDH ≥ 350 IU/L | 3563/7385 (48.2) | 2663/5909 (45.1) | 900/1476 (61.0) | <0.0001± |
| CRP (mg/L) (median (IQR) [no.]) | 62 (26–118) [8624] | 55.9 (21.8–108.2) [6802] | 91.2 (44.4–162) [1822] | <0.0001* |
| CRP ≥ 150 mg/L | 1487/8624 (17.2) | 973/6802 (14.3) | 514/1822 (28.2) | <0.0001± |
| paO2 (mmHg) (median (IQR) [no.]) | 66 (57–76) [6013] | 67 (70–77) [4713] | 61 (52–73) [1300] | <0.0001* |
| paO2 < 60 mmHg | 1834/6013 (30.5) | 1221/4713 (25.9) | 613/1300 (47.2) | <0.0001± |
| Clinical features | ||||
| Pneumonia b | 7184/8567 (83.9) | 5545/6710 (82.6) | 1639/1857 (88.2) | <0.0001± |
| ARDS | 1197/8423 (14.2) | 601/6710 (9.0) | 596/1713 (34.8) | <0.0001± |
| Invasive ventilation support | 736/8691 (8.5) | 367/6810 (5.4) | 369/1881 (19.6) | <0.0001± |
| Admission to ICU within 24 h after admission | 488/8900 (5.5) | 298/6974 (4.3) | 190/1926 (9.9) | <0.0001± |
| Time from symptom onset to diagnosis (days) (median (IQR) [no.]) | 5 (2–9) [8097] | 6 (2–9) [6393] | 3 (1–7) [1704] | <0.0001* |
| Length of hospital stay (days) (median (IQR) [no.]) | 9 (5–15) [8894] | 9 (5–15) [6970] | 9 (5–16) [1924] | 0.9320* |
IQR, interquartile range; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; HCQ, hydroxychloroquine; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CRP, C-reactive protein; paO2, partial pressure of oxygen; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU, intensive care unit.
NOTE: All of the pre-existing conditions and COVID-19 features were reported as assessed by the clinician.
a
Missingness is due to later onset of data collection.
b
Diagnosis by imaging [chest radiography and/or computed tomography (CT) scan].
⁎
Wilcoxon test.
±
χ2 test.