Table 2.
Characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients (n = 8075) by treatment group.
| Characteristic | No./total No. (%) | P-value | |
|---|---|---|---|
| HCQ (n = 4542) | No-HCQ (n = 3533) | ||
| Demographic characteristics | |||
| Age (years) | |||
| 16–30 | 62/4541 (1.4) | 72/3530 (2.0) | <0.0001* |
| 31–44 | 372/4541 (8.2) | 175/3530 (5.0) | |
| 45–64 | 1656/4541 (36.5) | 695/3530 (19.7) | |
| 65–79 | 1395/4541 (30.7) | 1015/3530 (28.8) | |
| ≥80 | 1056/4541 (23.3) | 1573/3530 (44.6) | |
| Median (IQR) age (years) | 66 (54–78) | 77 (63–85) | |
| Male sex | 2646/4494 (58.9) | 1671/3492 (47.8) | <0.0001± |
| Pre-existing conditions | |||
| Cardiovascular disease | 1392/4542 (30.7) | 1444/3533 (40.9) | <0.0001± |
| Arterial hypertension | 1757/4542 (38.7) | 1513/3533 (42.8) | 0.0002± |
| Diabetes mellitus | 998/4542 (22.0) | 796/3533 (22.5) | 0.5498± |
| Chronic renal disease | 508/4542 (11.2) | 585/3533 (16.6) | <0.0001± |
| Chronic liver disease | 122/4542 (2.7) | 99/3533 (2.8) | 0.7511± |
| Chronic lung disease | 698/4542 (15.4) | 517/3533 (14.6) | 0.3599± |
| Neurological disorders | 330/4542 (7.3) | 450/3533 (12.7) | <0.0001± |
| Cognitive disorders a | 331/4260 (7.8) | 582/3266 (17.8) | <0.0001± |
| Immunosuppressive conditions | 159/4542 (3.5) | 78/3533 (2.2) | 0.0006± |
| Malignancy | |||
| Solid | 314/4542 (6.9) | 345/3533 (9.8) | <0.0001± |
| Haematological | 90/4542 (2.0) | 70/3533 (2.0) | 0.9995± |
| Obesity a | 297/2643 (11.2) | 186/2284 (8.1) | 0.0003± |
| Current smoker | 183/2390 (7.7) | 196/1916 (10.2) | 0.0031± |
| Medications | |||
| ACE inhibitor | 669/4541 (14.7) | 569/3531 (16.1) | 0.0874± |
| Angiotensin receptor blocker | 388/4541 (8.5) | 318/3531 (9.0) | 0.4665± |
| Laboratory parameters at admission | |||
| LDH (U/L) (median (IQR) [no.]) | 359 (270–497) [3890] | 314 (239–442) [2764] | <0.0001* |
| LDH ≥ 350 U/L | 2036/3890 (52.3) | 1146/2764 (41.5) | <0.0001± |
| CRP (mg/L) (median (IQR) [no.]) | 68.9 (32.1–125.0) [4461] | 50.6 (16.0–105.2) [3340] | <0.0001* |
| CRP ≥150 mg/L | 835/4461 (18.7) | 471/3340 (14.1) | <0.0001± |
| paO2 (mmHg) (median (IQR) [no.]) | 66 (57–75) [3442] | 68 (58–80) [1967] | 0.0033* |
| paO2 < 60 mmHg | 1046/3442 (30.4) | 557/1967 (28.3) | 0.1084± |
| Clinical features | |||
| Pneumonia b | 4055/4423 (91.7) | 2329/3313 (70.3) | <0.0001± |
| ARDS | 720/4306 (16.7) | 299/3320 (9.0) | <0.0001± |
| Invasive ventilation support | 503/4407 (11.4) | 114/3457 (3.3) | <0.0001± |
| Admission to ICU within 24 h after admission | 313/4539 (6.9) | 96/3529 (2.7) | <0.0001± |
| Time from symptom onset to diagnosis (days) (median (IQR) [no.]) | 6 (3–9) [4542] | 4 (1–8) [3049] | <0.0001* |
| Length of hospital stay (days) (median (IQR) [no.]) | 9 (6–15) [3324] | 9 (4–17) [3526] | 0.2061* |
| Outcome | |||
| Time from diagnosis to death (days) (median (IQR) [no.]) | 8 (5–13) [4542] | 6 (4–12) [3533] | <0.0001* |
| Death | 804/4542 (17.7) | 957/3533 (27.1) | <0.0001± |
IQR, interquartile range; ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; LDH, lactate dehydrogenase; CRP, C-reactive protein; paO2, partial pressure of O2; ARDS, acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU, intensive care unit.
NOTE: All of the pre-existing conditions and COVID-19 features were reported as assessed by the clinician.
a
Missingness is due to later onset of data collection.
b
Diagnosis by imaging [chest radiography and/or computed tomography (CT) scan].
⁎
Wilcoxon test.
±
χ2 test.