. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2021 Sep 1.

Published in final edited form as: AIDS Behav. 2020 Sep;24(9):2572–2587. doi: 10.1007/s10461-020-02814-4

TABLE 2 –

Standardized Multilevel^a Bivariate, Domain, and Multivariable Results of Regressing Natural Logged^b Rates of Black MSM Testing Events (per 10,000) Among Black MSM (Aged 15–64 Years) on Structural Independent Variables in 85 Large US Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 2011–2016^c

Variable and Domain	Standardized Bivariate Models - Coefficient (CI)	Standardized Domain Analysis Models - Coefficient (CI)	Standardized Multivariable Model - Coefficient (CI)
Need Domain
Black MSM living with HIV per 10,000 Black MSM
Lagged baseline (2010)	0.35 (0.17, 0.52)^*	0.28 (0.08, 0.48)^*	0.28 (0.12, 0.43)^*
Change since baseline	−0.02 (−0.11, 0.07)^*	−0.01 (−0.11, 0.08)^*	−0.02 (−0.11, 0.07)
Black PWID late HIV diagnoses rate (death within 12 months of diagnosis) per 10,000 Black adults
Lagged baseline (2010)	−0.01 (−0.20, 0.18)
Change since baseline	0.01 (−0.07, 0.09)
Black MSM late HIV diagnoses rate (death within 12 months of diagnosis) per 10,000 Black adults
Lagged baseline (2010)	−0.08 (−0.26, 0.09)
Change since baseline	−0.04 (−0.11, 0.03)
Black PWID HIV testing rate per 10,000 Black adults
Lagged baseline (2010)	0.03 (−0.13, 0.2)
Change since baseline	0.02 (−0.06, 0.09)
Male syphilis rate per 100,000
Lagged baseline (2008)	0.20 (0.05, 0.35)^*	0.07 (−0.10, 0.25)
Change since baseline	0.01 (−0.07, 0.09)^*	0.0 (−0.08, 0.08)
Male chlamydia rate per 100,000
Lagged baseline (2010)	0.10 (−0.04, 0.25)^*	0.02 (−0.13, 0.17)
Change since baseline	0.10 (0.02, 0.18)^*	0.09 (0.0, 0.17)
Male gonorrhea rate per 100,000
Lagged baseline (2009)	0.18 (0.03, 0.33)
Change since baseline	0.01 (−0.07, 0.09)
Black hepatitis C mortality rate per 10,000 Black adults
Lagged baseline (2010)	0.12 (−0.03, 0.26)
Change since baseline	−0.01 (−0.08, 0.06)
Percent Black residents in poverty
Lagged baseline (2008)	−0.02 (−0.18, 0.15)
Change since baseline	−0.07 (−0.18, 0.03)

General Resources Domain
Black median household income ($)
Lagged baseline (2008)	−0.03 (−0.19, 0.12)
Change since baseline	0.04 (−0.03, 0.12)
Percent without health insurance
Lagged baseline (2010)	−0.18 (−0.37, 0.02)^*	−0.14 (−0.33, 0.06)
Change since baseline	−0.05 (−0.15, 0.06)^*	−0.02 (−0.14, 0.10)
Percent Black residents employed
Lagged baseline (2008)	0.25 (0.10, 0.40)^*	0.18 (0.04, 0.33)^*	0.19 (0.07, 0.32)^*
Change since baseline	0.08 (0.0, 0.16)^*	0.05 (−0.04, 0.14)^*	0.06 (−0.02, 0.14)

Specialized Resources Domain
Black heterosexual HIV testing rate per 10,000 Black adults
Lagged baseline (2010)	0.35 (0.11, 0.58)^*	0.36 (0.12, 0.59)^*	0.46 (0.24, 0.68)^*
Change since baseline	0.09 (0.0, 0.18)^*	0.09 (0.0, 0.18)^*	0.09 (0.0, 0.17)
Health expenditures per capita ($)
Lagged baseline (2008)	0.17 (−0.1, 0.44)^*	0.18 (−0.08, 0.44)^*	0.16 (−0.07, 0.4)^*
Change since baseline	−0.04 (−0.38, 0.3)^*	−0.01 (−0.34, 0.30)^*	0.02 (−0.28, 0.31)
Male ARV prescription rate per male PLWH (above the median)
Lagged baseline (2008)	−0.06 (−0.38, 0.27)
Yearly rate	0.01 (−0.15, 0.16)

Liberalism of Public Policies Domain
ACT UP organization presence
Lagged baseline (1990)	0.52 (0.15, 0.89)^*	0.47 (0.09, 0.86)^*	0.19 (−0.12, 0.50)^*
Syringe service program presence
Lagged baseline (2008)	0.29 (−0.07, 0.64)^*	0.14 (−0.18, 0.45)^*	0.12 (−0.14, 0.38)^*
History of state laws supportive of same sex minorities (2 class)
Class 1 - supportive from 1990–2014	−0.07 (−0.44, 0.30)

Institutional Support Domain
AIDS organizations per capita
Lagged baseline (2008)	0.20 (0.06, 0.35)^*	0.13 (−0.04, 0.30)
Change since baseline	−0.05 (−0.14, 0.05)^*	−0.05 (−0.15, 0.05)
Percent of males with college education
Lagged baseline (2008)	0.21 (0.07, 0.36)^*	0.14 (−0.02, 0.30)
Change since baseline	−0.0 (−0.10, 0.09)^*	−0.01 (−0.10, 0.09)

Institutional Opposition Domain
Hard drug arrest rate per 10,000
Lagged baseline (2009)	−0.21 (−0.39, −0.04)^*	−0.16 (−0.34, 0.02)^*	−0.21 (−0.36, −0.06)^*
Change since baseline	−0.11 (−0.18, −0.03)^*	−0.10 (−0.18, −0.02)^*	−0.10 (−0.17, −0.02)^*
Percent incarcerated males
Lagged baseline (2009)	−0.19 (−0.33, −0.06)^*	−0.15 (−0.28, −0.01)
Change since baseline	0.01 (−0.08, 0.10)^*	0.01 (−0.08, 0.10)
Police per 1,000 residents
Lagged baseline (2010)	0.08 (−0.07, 0.22)
Change since baseline	0.05 (−0.01, 0.12)

Racial Structure Domain
Percent isolated Black residents
Lagged baseline (2008)	0.20 (0.03, 0.37)^*	0.20 (0.03, 0.37)^*	0.02 (−0.15, 0.18)
Change since baseline	0.04 (−0.07, 0.16)^*	0.04 (−0.07, 0.16)^*	0.07 (−0.03, 0.18)
Odds ratio of home loan denial for Blacks compared to Whites
Lagged baseline (2008)	0.05 (−0.12, 0.21)
Change since baseline	0.07 (−0.03, 0.17)
Black-White poverty inequality ratio
Lagged baseline (2008)	0.12 (−0.04, 0.28)
Change since baseline	0.01 (−0.08, 0.09)

Three level multilevel model with yearly observations (2011, 2012, 2013, 2014, 2105, 2016) nested within MSA and MSA nested within state. All models include a linear time function.

The outcome was natural log transformed to linearize its association to the independent variables.

2011 to 2016 refers to the timeframe for the outcome. Independent variables were lagged 1–3 years using the lag with the strongest association with the outcome. Note: Independent variables were lagged because we did not expect a change in the independent variables to have an instantaneous effect on the outcome.

Removed from the multivariate model due to multicollinearity assessed using condition indices > 15 and VDP > 0.50.

Significant at the a priori cut point. In bivariate and domain analysis models, independent variables proceeded to the next phase of analysis if the absolute sum of the variable dyad coefficients was |≥.20| or for baseline only variables |≥.10|. Variables in the multivariable model are substantively significant if the standardized coefficient is |≥.10|