Table 2.
Demographic and Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Hemorrhagic Stroke and COVID-19 versus Contemporary and Historical Controls without COVID-19 infection
| COVID-19 positive (A) (n = 19) | Contemporary controls (B) (n = 24) | Historical controls (C) (n = 20) | p value (A vs. B) | p value (A vs. C) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (median, IQR) | 60 (51–63) | 68 (49–74) | 59 (50–81) | 0.073 | 0.863 |
| Male (%) | 78.9% (15) | 66.7% (16) | 70.0% (14) | 0.500 | 0.716 |
| Hypertension (%) | 42.1% (8) | 70.8% (17) | 80.0% (16) | 0.071 | 0.022 |
| Diabetes Type 2(%) | 31.6% (6) | 29.2% (7) | 25.0% (5) | 1.000 | 0.731 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) | 36.8% (7) | 25.0% (6) | 25.0% (5) | 0.509 | 0.501 |
| Atrial fibrillation (%) | 5.26% (1) | 12.5% (3) | 0% (0) | 0.618 | .487 |
| Strictly deep intracerebral hemorrhage location | 6.25% (1/16) | 56.5% (13/23) | 62.5% (10/16) | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Prior intracerebral hemorrhage (%) | 0% (0) | 16.7% (4) | 10.0% (2) | 0.118 | 0.487 |
| Antiplatelet therapy at home (%) | 21.1% (4) | 33.3% (8) | 30.0% (6) | 0.500 | 0.716 |
| Anticoagulation at home (%) | 10.5% (2) | 4.2% (1) | 10.0% (2) | 0.575 | 1.000 |
| Initial NIHSS score (median, IQR) | 28 (23–30) | 13 (3–20) | 6 (1–13) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| ICH score (median, IQR) | 2 (1–4) | 2 (1–3) | 1 (0 -1) | 0.912 | 0.015 |
| Anticoagulation prior to hemorrhagic stroke diagnosis (%) | 89.5 (17) | 4.2% (1) | 10.0% (2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Systolic blood pressure (median, IQR) | 133 (114–136) | 158 (140–176) | 157 (131–180) | < 0.001 | 0.006 |
| Platelet count (median, IQR) | 162 (77–335) | 238 (189–263) | 251 (188–301) | 0.632 | 0.415 |
| INR (median, IQR) | 1.3 (1.2–2.7) | 1.1 (1.0–1.1) | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| PTT (median, IQR) | 64.9 (37.7–94.6) | 31.7 (28.7–37.1) | 31.9 (29.8–34.2) | 0.001 | < 0.001 |
| Fibrinogen (median, IQR) | 669 (578–785) | 336 (249–422) | 319 (292–397) | 0.004 | 0.004 |
| D-dimer level (median, IQR) | 2484 (987–3320) | 800 (307–3401) | N/A | 0.160 | N/A |
| CRP level (median, IQR) | 89.3 (38.1–149.3) | 41.2 (3.3–132.8) | N/A | 0.245 | N/A |
| Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) | 9.82 (5.39–15.30) | 6.73 (2.43–10.91) | 5.84 (2.31–11.77) | 0.215 | 0.150 |
| ICH volume (median cm, IQR) | 37.0 (9.1–98.7) | 11.0 (2.9–32.1) | 5.0 (1.9–43.5) | 0.763 | 0.462 |
| Intraventricular hemorrhage (%) | 36.8% (7) | 58.3% (14) | 40.0% (8) | 0.223 | 1.000 |
| ICH etiology (%) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||
| Hypertension | 0% (0) | 45.8% (11) | 35.0% (7) | ||
| Brain tumor | 0% (0) | 12.5% (3) | 0% (0) | ||
| Vascular malformation | 5.26% (1) | 8.3% (2) | 15.0% (3) | ||
| Coagulopathy | 73.7% (14) | 0% (0) | 5.0% (1) | ||
| Other | 5.26% (1) | 8.3% (2) | 25.0% (5) | ||
| Unknown | 15.8% (3) | 25.0% (6) | 20.0% (4) | ||
| In-hospital death (%) | 84.6% (11/13) | 4.6% (1/22) | 5.0% (1/20) | < 0.001 | < 0.001 |
COVID-19, coronavirus disease 2019; CRP, C-reactive protein measured in ng/mL; D-dimer is measured in ng/mL, fibrinogen in mg/dL; ICH, intracerebral hemorrhage; INR, international normalized ratio; IQR, interquartile range; NIHSS, National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale; PTT, partial thromboplastin time measured in seconds; SBP, systolic blood pressure