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. 2020 Aug 24;110:104700. doi: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2020.104700

Table 2.

Material Hardship and Parenting Stress: Binary Logistic Regression Results (N = 335).

Model 1
Model 2
B (SE) OR (SE) p B (SE) OR (SE) p
Key variables
Material hardship 0.52 (0.11) 1.67 (0.19) < 0.001*** 0.43 (0.12) 1.53 (0.18) < 0.001***
Grandparent mental health −0.59 (0.20) 0.56 (0.11) 0.002**
Control variables
Trigger event
(reference group: Child abuse and neglect)
Parental incarceration 1.39 (0.98) 4.00 (3.91) 0.16 1.37 (1.00) 3.94 (3.95) 0.17
Parental mental illness 0.96 (0.88) 2.60 (2.28) 0.28 0.83 (0.89) 2.29 (2.04) 0.35
Parental death 1.43 (0.89) 4.19 (0.34) 0.11 1.34 (0.91) 3.83 (3.49) 0.14
Parental substance abuse 2.08 (0.76) 8.00 (6.07) 0.01* 1.93 (0.77) 6.87 (5.32) 0.01*
Parental intimate partner violence 0.12 (0.93) 1.13 (1.05) 0.89 −0.11 (0.95) 3.03 (2.28) 0.91
Parental economic needs 1.13 (0.74) 3.10 (2.29) 0.13 1.11 (0.75) 3.03 (2.28) 0.14
Other 1.43 (0.82) 4.16 (3.41) 0.08 1.23 (0.84) 3.42 (2.89) 0.14
Grandparent race: Non-White
(reference group: White)
−0.01 (0.36) 0.10 (0.36) 0.99 0.11 (0.36) 1.11 (0.41) 0.77
Grandparent gender: Female
(reference group: Male)
−1.15 (0.87) 0.32 (0.28) 0.19 −1.16 (0.86) 0.31 (0.27) 0.18
Grandparent age −0.02 (0.02) 0.98 (0.02) 0.27 −0.01 (0.02) 0.99 (0.02) 0.62
Grandparent marital status: Not married (reference group: Married) −0.49 (0.42) 0.61 (0.26) 0.24 −0.42 (0.43) 0.66 (0.28) 0.32
Grandparent household income
(reference group: < = 30,000)
30,000< = 60,000 −0.24 (0.41) 0.79 (0.33) 0.57 −0.30 (0.41) 0.74 (0.31) 0.47
>60,000 −0.10 (0.46) 0.91 (0.41) 0.83 −0.07 (0.46) 0.93 (0.43) 0.88
Grandparent education: Below college (reference group: College and above) 0.47 (0.37) 1.59 (0.58) 0.20 0.51 (0.38) 1.67 (0.63) 0.17
Grandparent physical health 0.37 (0.19) 1.44 (0.27) 0.05 0.40 (0.19) 1.49 (0.29) 0.04*
Number of children: More than one child (reference group: One child) −0.32 (0.34) 0.72 (0.25) 0.34 −0.32 (0.44) 0.73 (0.25) 0.36
Relationship to the child
(reference group: Maternal grandmother)
Paternal grandmother −0.27 (0.42) 0.77 (0.32) 0.53 −0.37 (0.44) 0.69 (0.30) 0.40
Maternal grandfather −1.64 (1.04) 0.19 (0.20) 0.11 −1.62 (1.03) 0.20 (0.20) 0.11
Paternal grandfather −1.45 (0.91) 0.23 (0.21) 0.11 −1.39 (0.90) 0.25 (0.22) 0.12
Years of care: More than one year
(reference group: ≤ one year)
0.15 (0.43) 1.17 (0.50) 0.72 0.15 (0.44) 1.16 (0.51) 0.74
Licensed kinship caregivers
(reference group: Unlicensed)
0.88 (0.39) 2.42 (0.94) 0.02* 0.65 (0.41) 1.92 (0.78) 0.11
Labor force status
(reference group: Full time)
Part time 0.25 (0.44) 1.28 (0.56) 0.57 0.17 (0.45) 1.18 (0.53) 0.71
Don’t work 0.53 (0.36) 2.22 (1.08) 0.10 0.79 (0.50) 2.21 (1.10) 0.11
Financial stress (reference group: No) 0.53 (0.36) 1.69 (0.60) 0.14 0.46 (0.37) 1.58 (0.58) 0.21
Child age −0.02 (0.04) 0.98 (0.04) 0.66 −0.04 (0.04) 0.96 (0.04) 0.41
Child gender: Female (reference group: Male) −0.18 (0.33) 0.83 (0.27) 0.58 −0.13 (0.34) 0.88 (0.30) 0.70
Child physical health 0.11 (0.24) 1.12 (0.27) 0.64 0.09 (0.25) 1.09 (0.27) 0.72
Child mental health −0.56 (0.20) 0.57 (0.11) 0.01* −0.45 (0.20) 0.64 (0.13) 0.02*
Pseudo R2 0.26 0.29

Note. p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.001.