Table 2.
Material Hardship and Parenting Stress: Binary Logistic Regression Results (N = 335).
Model 1 |
Model 2 |
|||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B (SE) | OR (SE) | p | B (SE) | OR (SE) | p | |
Key variables | ||||||
Material hardship | 0.52 (0.11) | 1.67 (0.19) | < 0.001*** | 0.43 (0.12) | 1.53 (0.18) | < 0.001*** |
Grandparent mental health | – | – | – | −0.59 (0.20) | 0.56 (0.11) | 0.002** |
Control variables | ||||||
Trigger event (reference group: Child abuse and neglect) |
||||||
Parental incarceration | 1.39 (0.98) | 4.00 (3.91) | 0.16 | 1.37 (1.00) | 3.94 (3.95) | 0.17 |
Parental mental illness | 0.96 (0.88) | 2.60 (2.28) | 0.28 | 0.83 (0.89) | 2.29 (2.04) | 0.35 |
Parental death | 1.43 (0.89) | 4.19 (0.34) | 0.11 | 1.34 (0.91) | 3.83 (3.49) | 0.14 |
Parental substance abuse | 2.08 (0.76) | 8.00 (6.07) | 0.01* | 1.93 (0.77) | 6.87 (5.32) | 0.01* |
Parental intimate partner violence | 0.12 (0.93) | 1.13 (1.05) | 0.89 | −0.11 (0.95) | 3.03 (2.28) | 0.91 |
Parental economic needs | 1.13 (0.74) | 3.10 (2.29) | 0.13 | 1.11 (0.75) | 3.03 (2.28) | 0.14 |
Other | 1.43 (0.82) | 4.16 (3.41) | 0.08 | 1.23 (0.84) | 3.42 (2.89) | 0.14 |
Grandparent race: Non-White (reference group: White) |
−0.01 (0.36) | 0.10 (0.36) | 0.99 | 0.11 (0.36) | 1.11 (0.41) | 0.77 |
Grandparent gender: Female (reference group: Male) |
−1.15 (0.87) | 0.32 (0.28) | 0.19 | −1.16 (0.86) | 0.31 (0.27) | 0.18 |
Grandparent age | −0.02 (0.02) | 0.98 (0.02) | 0.27 | −0.01 (0.02) | 0.99 (0.02) | 0.62 |
Grandparent marital status: Not married (reference group: Married) | −0.49 (0.42) | 0.61 (0.26) | 0.24 | −0.42 (0.43) | 0.66 (0.28) | 0.32 |
Grandparent household income (reference group: < = 30,000) |
||||||
30,000< = 60,000 | −0.24 (0.41) | 0.79 (0.33) | 0.57 | −0.30 (0.41) | 0.74 (0.31) | 0.47 |
>60,000 | −0.10 (0.46) | 0.91 (0.41) | 0.83 | −0.07 (0.46) | 0.93 (0.43) | 0.88 |
Grandparent education: Below college (reference group: College and above) | 0.47 (0.37) | 1.59 (0.58) | 0.20 | 0.51 (0.38) | 1.67 (0.63) | 0.17 |
Grandparent physical health | 0.37 (0.19) | 1.44 (0.27) | 0.05 | 0.40 (0.19) | 1.49 (0.29) | 0.04* |
Number of children: More than one child (reference group: One child) | −0.32 (0.34) | 0.72 (0.25) | 0.34 | −0.32 (0.44) | 0.73 (0.25) | 0.36 |
Relationship to the child (reference group: Maternal grandmother) |
||||||
Paternal grandmother | −0.27 (0.42) | 0.77 (0.32) | 0.53 | −0.37 (0.44) | 0.69 (0.30) | 0.40 |
Maternal grandfather | −1.64 (1.04) | 0.19 (0.20) | 0.11 | −1.62 (1.03) | 0.20 (0.20) | 0.11 |
Paternal grandfather | −1.45 (0.91) | 0.23 (0.21) | 0.11 | −1.39 (0.90) | 0.25 (0.22) | 0.12 |
Years of care: More than one year (reference group: ≤ one year) |
0.15 (0.43) | 1.17 (0.50) | 0.72 | 0.15 (0.44) | 1.16 (0.51) | 0.74 |
Licensed kinship caregivers (reference group: Unlicensed) |
0.88 (0.39) | 2.42 (0.94) | 0.02* | 0.65 (0.41) | 1.92 (0.78) | 0.11 |
Labor force status (reference group: Full time) |
||||||
Part time | 0.25 (0.44) | 1.28 (0.56) | 0.57 | 0.17 (0.45) | 1.18 (0.53) | 0.71 |
Don’t work | 0.53 (0.36) | 2.22 (1.08) | 0.10 | 0.79 (0.50) | 2.21 (1.10) | 0.11 |
Financial stress (reference group: No) | 0.53 (0.36) | 1.69 (0.60) | 0.14 | 0.46 (0.37) | 1.58 (0.58) | 0.21 |
Child age | −0.02 (0.04) | 0.98 (0.04) | 0.66 | −0.04 (0.04) | 0.96 (0.04) | 0.41 |
Child gender: Female (reference group: Male) | −0.18 (0.33) | 0.83 (0.27) | 0.58 | −0.13 (0.34) | 0.88 (0.30) | 0.70 |
Child physical health | 0.11 (0.24) | 1.12 (0.27) | 0.64 | 0.09 (0.25) | 1.09 (0.27) | 0.72 |
Child mental health | −0.56 (0.20) | 0.57 (0.11) | 0.01* | −0.45 (0.20) | 0.64 (0.13) | 0.02* |
Pseudo R2 | 0.26 | 0.29 |
Note. p < 0.05; **: p < 0.01; ***: p < 0.001.