a, Cohort 1 groups were age-matched and included 57 healthy subjects and 23 patients with MCI or AD. b, Cognitive scoring shows significantly decreased cognitive scores in patients with MCI or AD. Note that not all patients with MCI or AD could complete a cognitive exam and these patients are thus not included in this analysis. Unpaired two-sided f-test with Welch’s correction (n = 51 healthy; n = 12 MCI or AD); mean ± s.e.m. c, d, Quantification of CSF AP as a ratio to phosphorylated tau (c) or total tau (d) reveals significantly reduced ratios in patients with MCI or AD. Unpaired two- sided f-test with Welch’s correction (n = 18 healthy, n = 7 MCI or AD); mean ± s.e.m. e, Top, representative MRI images show reduction in cortical grey matter in patients with AD. Middle, bottom, representative MRI images of several brain regions as measured by subcortical segmentation and hippocampal segmentation. Right, quantification of MRI images of patients with MCI or AD compared to control individuals shows significant reductions in the percentage of the intracranial volume (ICV) of brain regions classically associated with AD pathology. CA1, cornu ammonis area 1. Unpaired two-sided t-test; mean ± s.e.m.