Table 1:
Participant Characteristics by Acculturation Class and Sex (n=849)
| All n=849 | Men (n=460) | Women (n=389) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Separation n=103 (22%) | Integration n=267 (58%) | Assimilation n =90 (20%) | Separation n=92 (24%) | Integration n=195 (50%) | Assimilation n=102 (26%) | |
| Sociodemographic Characteristics | |||||||
| Age, mean (SD), years | 55.4 (9.3) | 56.7 (9.7) | 56.1 (9.8) | 55.7 (10.3) | 54.4 (9.2) | 54.2 (8.2) | 54.9 (8.8) |
| NWU study site | 382 (45.0) | 63 (61.2) | 127 (47.6) a | 31 (34.4) b | 48 (52.2) | 78 (40.0) | 35 (34.3) b |
| Married, n (%) | 780 (91.9) | 103 (100) | 259 (97.0) | 83 (92.2) b | 77 (83.7) | 174 (89.2) | 84 (82.4) |
| Religion, n (%) | |||||||
| Hinduism/Jainism | 633 (74.6) | 72 (69.9) | 212 (79.4) a | 59 (65.6) b | 60 (65.2) | 163 (83.6) a | 67 (65.7) b |
| Other religion | 168 (19.8) | 30 (29.1) | 47 (17.6) a | 12 (13.3) b | 32 (34.8) | 31 (15.9) a | 16 (15.7) b |
| No religious affiliation | 48 (5.7) | 1 (1.0) | 8 (3.0) a | 19 (21.1) b | 0 | 1 (0.5) a | 19 (18.6) b |
| Birthplace, n (%) | |||||||
| India | 724 (85.3) | 81 (78.6) | 232 (86.9) a | 80 (88.9) b | 73 (79.3) | 171 (87.7) a | 87 (85.3) b |
| Other | 125 (14.7) | 22 (21.4) | 35 (13.1) a | 10 (11.1) b | 19 (20.7) | 24 (12.3) a | 15 (14.7) b |
| Years lived in the US, mean (SD) | 27.0 (10.8) | 24.5 (11.3) | 27.0 (10.4) a | 31.8 (10.4) b | 22.6 (10.7) | 26.8 (10.4) a | 29.9 (10.5) b |
| Percent of life in US, mean (SD), % | 48.5 (16.5) | 43.4 (18.6) | 47.8 (15.1) a | 56.9 (15.4) b | 41.7 (17.5) | 48.8 (15.8) a | 53.6 (15.0) b |
| English language proficiency, n (%) | |||||||
| Speak English poorly or fairly | 109 (12.8) | 30 (29.1) | 17 (6.4) a | 1 (1.1) b | 38 (41.3) | 20 (10.3) a | 3 (2.9) b |
| Speak English well or very well | 740 (87.2) | 73 (70.9) | 250 (93.6) a | 89 (98.9) b | 54 (58.7) | 175 (89.7) a | 99 (97.1) b |
| Education, n (%) | |||||||
| Less than bachelor’s degree | 97 (11.4) | 19 (18.4) | 22 (8.2) a | 5 (5.5) b | 32 (34.8) | 11 (5.6) a | 8 (7.8) b |
| Bachelor’s degree | 247 (29.1) | 39 (37.9) | 60 (22.5) a | 16 (17.8) b | 30 (32.6) | 77 (39.5) a | 25 (24.5) b |
| More than bachelor’s degree | 505 (59.5) | 45 (43.7) | 185 (69.3) a | 69 (76.7) b | 30 (32.6) | 107 (54.9) a | 69 (67.7) b |
| Annual family income, n (%) | |||||||
| <$100,000 | 314 (37.0) | 63 (61.2) | 93 (34.8) a | 15 (16.7) b | 61 (66.3) | 55 (28.2) a | 27 (26.5) b |
| $100,000 to $200,000 | 291 (34.3) | 21 (20.4) | 107 (40.1) a | 35 (38.9) b | 18 (19.6) | 79 (40.5) a | 31 (30.4) b |
| >$200,000 | 244 (28.7) | 19 (18.4) | 67 (25.1) a | 40 (44.4) b | 13 (14.1) | 61 (31.3) a | 44 (43.1) b |
| Insurance status, n (%) | |||||||
| Insured | 780 (91.9) | 83 (80.6) | 249 (93.3) a | 90 (100) b | 75 (81.5) | 183 (93.8) a | 100 (98.0) b |
| Not Insured | 69 (8.1) | 20 (19.4) | 18 (6.7) a | 0 b | 17 (18.5) | 12 (6.2) a | 2 (2.0) b |
| Occupation, n (%) | |||||||
| Unemployed | 135 (15.9) | 7 (6.8) | 11 (4.1) | 2 (2.2) | 35 (38.0) | 58 (29.7) | 22 (21.6) b |
| Employed | 598 (70.4) | 78 (75.7) | 215 (80.5) | 75 (83.3) | 49 (53.3) | 118 (60.5) | 63 (61.8) b |
| Retired | 116 (13.7) | 18 (17.5) | 41 (15.4) | 13 (14.4) | 8 (8.7) | 19 (9.7) | 17 (16.7) b |
| CES-D depression scale, mean (SD) | 7.7 (7.1) | 8.8 (7.4) | 7.1 (6.6) a | 5.1 (4.5) b | 9.9 (8.7) | 8.1 (7.3) | 7.1 (6.8) b |
| Lifestyle and Behavioral Factors | |||||||
| Total physical activity, mean (SD), MET-min/week | 10057 (4031) | 10396 (4658) | 9518 (3410) | 9410 (2848) | 10680 (4706) | 10452 (4317) | 10382 (4353) |
| Total exercise, median (IQR), MET-min/week | 945 (1523) | 705 (1620) | 1020 (1418) | 1365 (1755) b | 630 (1076) | 825 (1605) a | 1260 (1845) b |
| Total caloric intake, median (IQR), Kcal | 1613 (654) | 1747 (583) | 1705 (700) | 1513 (642) b | 1573 (537) | 1527 (564) | 1454 (627) |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||||||
| Never | 701 (82.6) | 76 (73.8) | 188 (70.4) | 61 (67.8) | 91 (98.9) | 191 (97.9) | 94 (92.2) |
| Former | 119 (14.0) | 24 (23.3) | 63 (23.6) | 23 (25.6) | 1 (1.1) | 2 (1.0) | 6 (5.9) |
| Current | 29 (3.4) | 3 (2.9) | 16 (6.0) | 6 (6.7) | 0 | 2 (1.0) | 2 (2.0) |
| Alcohol use ≥1 drink/week, n (%) | 277 (32.6) | 23 (22.3) | 116 (43.4) a | 64 (71.1) b | 5 (5.4) | 32 (16.4) a | 37 (36.3) b |
Abbreviations: NWU, Northwestern University.
*
Differences by acculturation class were examined using t tests and pairwise comparison (i.e. separation vs integration and separation vs assimilation); categorical variables were examined using chi-squared tests of homogeneity. Testing was performed on log transformed variables when necessary to achieve normality.
a
Statistically significant difference (p value<0.05) between integration and separation classes.
b
Statistically significant difference (p value<0.05) between assimilation and separation classes.