Table 2:
Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Body Composition by Acculturation Class and Sex (n=849)*
| All n=849 | Men (n=460) | Women (n=389) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristic | Separation n=103 (22%) | Integration n=267 (58%) | Assimilation n =90 (20%) | Separation n=92 (24%) | Integration n=195 (50%) | Assimilation n=102 (26%) | |
| Cardiovascular Risk Factors | |||||||
| Glycemic status, n (%) | |||||||
| Normal | 348 (41.0) | 31 (30.1) | 93 (34.8) | 37 (41.1) | 36 (39.1) | 105 (53.8) a | 46 (45.1) |
| Prediabetes | 282 (33.2) | 40 (38.8) | 95 (35.6) | 28 (31.1) | 29 (31.5) | 58 (29.7) a | 32 (31.4) |
| Diabetes | 219 (25.8) | 32 (31.1) | 79 (29.6) | 25 (27.8) | 27 (29.3) | 32 (16.4) a | 24 (23.5) |
| Fasting glucose, median (IQR), mg/dl | 101 (24) | 99 (20) | 97 (26) | 94 (18) | 94 (12) | 95 (15) | |
| Hemoglobin A1C, mean (SD), % | 6.1 (0.9) | 6.3 (1.0) | 6.1 (0.9) | 6.2 (1.0) | 6.2 (1.2) | 5.9 (0.5) | 6.0 (0.7) |
| HOMA-B, mean (SD) | 123.3 (90.2) | 149.4 (151.0) | 117.6 (84.4) | 127.6 (95.6) | 120.1 (68.9) | 122.2 (65.0) | 111.1 (65.5) |
| Fasting insulin, mean (SD), pmol/L | 76.0 (85.0) | 95.2 (117.7) | 82.1 (117.1) | 78.0 (49.4) | 71.1 (41.3) | 63.3 (36.9) | 65.9 (50.8) |
| 2-hr insulin, mean (SD), pmol/L | 721.9 (628.3) | 831.5 (518.1) | 766.1 (643.0) | 841.9 (956.1) b | 805.0 (692.5) | 619.4 (504.7) a | 507.0 (340.9) b |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 339 (39.9) | 50 (48.5) | 115 (43.1) | 40 (44.4) | 33 (35.9) | 70 (35.9) | 31 (30.4) |
| Dyslipidemia, n (%) | 557 (65.6) | 69 (67.0) | 189 (70.8) | 65 (72.2) | 64 (69.6) | 112 (57.4) | 58 (56.9) |
| Total Cholesterol, mean (SD), mg/dl | 187.2 (37.1) | 181.8 (35.4) | 181.4 (37.1) | 182.5 (39.1) | 195.0 (38.3) | 192.4 (34.6) | 194.8 (37.1) |
| Cholesterol-lowering medications, n (%) | 254 (29.9) | 35 (34.0) | 88 (33.0) | 40 (44.4) | 24 (26.1) | 37 (19.0) | 30 (29.4) |
| Glucose-lowering medications, n (%) | 142 (16.7) | 25 (24.3) | 51 (19.1) | 18 (20.0) | 15 (16.3) | 17 (8.7) | 16.(15.7) |
| Blood pressure-lowering medications, n (%) | 253 (31.7) | 42 (42.0) | 83 (33.3) | 34 (38.6) | 23 (25.8) | 45 (25.0) | 26 (28.0) |
| Weight and Body Composition | |||||||
| Obesity, n (%)† | 250 (29.6) | 32 (31.1) | 67 (25.3) | 24 (26.7) | 45 (48.9) | 55 (28.4) a | 27 (26.5) b |
| Weight, mean (SD), Kg | 69.9 (12.5) | 73.7 (14.0) | 74.4 (11.1) | 76.1 (10.9) | 66.1 (10.4) | 63.8 (11.1) a | 64.2 (11.7) b |
| Hip girth, mean (SD), cm | 102.8 (8.4) | 101.9 (8.6) | 102.5 (7.4) | 101.7 (6.9) | 105.6 (8.7) | 103.4 (9.6) a | 102.1 (8.4) b |
| Waist-Hip ratio, mean (SD) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) | 0.9 (0.1) |
| Subcutaneous fat, mean (SD), cm2 | 234.8 (91.5) | 208.0 (90.6) | 217.4 (83.8) | 210.3 (76.3) | 274.5 (113.2) | 256.1 (85.8) | 253.3 (91.0) |
| Inter-muscular fat, mean (SD), cm2 | 21.3 (8.6) | 21.0 (8.6) | 21.4 (9.7) | 20.6 (8.2) | 21.8 (8.4) | 20.9 (7.3) | 22.4 (8.5) |
*
Differences by acculturation class were examined using t tests and pairwise comparison (i.e. separation vs integration and separation vs assimilation); categorical variables were examined using chi-squared tests of homogeneity. Testing was performed on log transformed variables when necessary to achieve normality.
†
Obesity was defined using the WHO Asian BMI cut-off point of BMI ≥27.5 kg/m2.
a
Statistically significant difference (p value<0.05) between integration and separation classes.
b
Statistically significant difference (p value<0.05) between assimilation and separation classes.