Table 4:
Multivariable regression models of the relationship between cardiovascular disease risk factors and acculturation class in men*
| Unadjusted | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Characteristics | Beta | P-value | Beta | P-value | Beta | P-value | Beta | P-value |
| Fasting Glucose | ||||||||
| Separation | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Integration | −1.6 (±3.0) | 0.59 | −0.8 (±3.0) | 0.80 | −0.1 (±3.1) | 0.98 | 1.2 (±2.6) | 0.65 |
| Assimilation | −1.9 (±3.7) | 0.61 | −0.3 (±3.8) | 0.94 | 0.4 (±4.1) | 0.92 | 1.0 (±3.6) | 0.77 |
| 2 hr Glucose | ||||||||
| Separation | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Integration | −2.4 (±7.2) | 0.74 | −0.4 (±7.2) | 0.96 | 9.3 (±7.7) | 0.23 | 7.9 (±7.7) | 0.31 |
| Assimilation | −8.9 (±8.9) | 0.32 | −4.8 (±9.3) | 0.60 | 6.9 (±10.1) | 0.49 | 4.0 (±10.4) | 0.70 |
| Systolic Blood Pressure | ||||||||
| Separation | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Integration | 1.5 (±1.7) | 0.37 | 1.4 (±1.6) | 0.39 | 1.2 (±1.7) | 0.46 | 1.9 (±1.7) | 0.27 |
| Assimilation | 0.6 (±2.1) | 0.77 | 0.2 (±2.0) | 0.93 | −0.2 (±2.2) | 0.93 | 0.1 (±2.3) | 0.98 |
| Diastolic Blood Pressure | ||||||||
| Separation | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Integration | 1.9 (±1.0) | 0.06 | 1.7 (±1.0) | 0.10 | 2.0 (±1.0) | 0.05 | 2.4 (±1.0) | 0.02 |
| Assimilation | 0.3 (±1.3) | 0.79 | −0.3 (±1.3) | 0.80 | −0.1 (±1.4) | 0.96 | −0.1 (±1.4) | 0.93 |
| Total cholesterol | ||||||||
| Separation | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Integration | −0.4 (±4.3) | 0.93 | −0.3 (±4.3) | 0.94 | −0.3 (±4.5) | 0.95 | 0.1 (±4.0) | 0.97 |
| Assimilation | 0.7 (±5.3) | 0.90 | 1.0 (±5.5) | 0.86 | 1.4 (±5.9) | 0.81 | 8.7 (±5.6) | 0.12 |
| Triglycerides† | ||||||||
| Separation | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Integration | −7.8 (±8.7) | 0.37 | −8.1 (±8.6) | 0.35 | −7.9 (±9.0) | 0.38 | −7.4 (±9.1) | 0.42 |
| Assimilation | 3.2 (±10.8) | 0.76 | 3.6 (±11.1) | 0.74 | 6.9 (±11.9) | 0.57 | 10.2 (±12.5) | 0.41 |
| LDL | ||||||||
| Separation | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Integration | 1.1 (±3.8) | 0.76 | 1.2 (±3.8) | 0.76 | 0.9 (±3.9) | 0.82 | 2.1 (±3.5) | 0.56 |
| Assimilation | −3.2 (±4.7) | 0.50 | −2.8 (±4.9) | 0.57 | −2.9 (±5.2) | 0.58 | 5.3 (±4.9) | 0.27 |
| HDL† | ||||||||
| Separation | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Integration | −0.9 (±1.2) | 0.48 | −0.8 (±1.2) | 0.51 | −0.2 (±1.3) | 0.89 | −0.6 (±1.3) | 0.66 |
| Assimilation | 2.0 (±1.5) | 0.19 | 2.0 (±1.6) | 0.21 | 2.1 (±1.7) | 0.21 | 1.8 (±1.7) | 0.30 |
| Visceral Fat | ||||||||
| Separation | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Integration | −10.8 (±7.1) | 0.13 | −11.2 (±7.1) | 0.12 | −7.4 (±7.4) | 0.32 | −7.5 (±7.4) | 0.31 |
| Assimilation | −11.2 (±8.7) | 0.20 | −12.3 (±9.1) | 0.17 | −6.4 (±9.7) | 0.51 | −4.8 (±10.0) | 0.63 |
| Waist Circumference | ||||||||
| Separation | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Integration | −0.9 (±1.1) | 0.40 | −0.9 (±1.1) | 0.39 | −0.2 (±1.2) | 0.86 | −0.2 (±1.1) | 0.88 |
| Assimilation | −1.2 (±1.4) | 0.38 | −1.3 (±1.4) | 0.37 | −0.1 (±1.5) | 0.97 | 0.3 (±1.6) | 0.87 |
| BMI† | ||||||||
| Separation | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref | ||||
| Integration | −0.1 (±0.5) | 0.81 | −0.2 (±0.5) | 0.67 | 0.0 (±0.5) | 0.96 | 0.0 (±0.5) | 0.93 |
| Assimilation | 0.3 (±0.6) | 0.56 | 0.2 (±0.6) | 0.79 | 0.5 (±0.6) | 0.41 | 0.4 (±0.7) | 0.50 |
Beta coefficient ±SD except as indicated. The regression models compare levels of various cardiometabolic risk factors in men in the integration and assimilation classes to those in the separation class. All results are from linear regression models. Unadjusted model; Model 1: adjusted for age, study site, and years lived in the US; Model 2 (socioeconomic factors): Model 1+ adjustment for education level, family income, country of birth, marital status, religious affiliation, medical insurance, and employment; Model 3 (behavioral and psychosocial factors): Model 2+ adjustment for total physical activity, total exercise, total caloric intake, depression, smoking and alcohol status. Additional adjustment for the use of glucose-lowering, blood pressure-lowering, and lipid-lowering medications was performed in Model 3 when examining the relationship between acculturation class and (fasting and 2 hr glucose), (systolic and diastolic blood pressure), and (total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and HDL); respectively.
p-value for interaction by sex is <0.05