Table 1.
Studies of diabetes and autoimmunity in D.S
| Reference | Year | Country | DS and T1D (n= ) | Age at Diagnosis (years) mean/median as published | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Milunsky and Neurath [8] | 1968 | U.K. and U.S. | 88 | High prevalence of T1D in DS | |
| Rabinowe et al [30] | 1989 | U.S. | 3 | Islet and thyroid autoantibodies in DS, T cell abnormalities | |
| Griffin et al [31] | 1997 | Taiwan | 6 | Thyroid autoantibodies and function in DS | |
| Anwar et al [11] | 1998 | U.K. | 13 | 22 | Simpler insulin regimens but improved glycaemic control |
| Shield et al [32] | 1999 | U.K. | 16 | 6.7 | Earlier age at diagnosis, no increased disomic homozygosity in the region of the autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1 locus |
| Aktay et al [33] | 2001 | U.S. | 2 | Celiac autoantibodies in T1D population, some had DS | |
| Makovi et al [34] | 2002 | Hungary | 2 | Childhood diabetes in population, some of which had DS | |
| Bergholdt et al [12] | 2006 | Denmark | 8 | 6 | Increases prevalence of DS in T1D population, HLA Genotyping showed some at risk and one protective, positive islet autoantibodies where measured, co-occurring multiple autoimmunity |
| Gillespie et al [22] | 2006 | U.K. | 40 | 9 | Increased Islet autoantibodies in DS children, Islet autoantibody profile in DSD cohort, HLA risk in DSD increased but lowered high-risk compared to T1D |
| Rohrer et al [25] | 2010 | Germany and Austria (DPV) | 159 | 8.2 ± 5.3 | DSD less frequent insulin and improved glycaemic control, younger age at onset, increased Celiac and Thyroid autoantibodies |
| Kota et al [35] | 2012 | India | 2 | 10.5 ± 7.2 | Varied clinical profiles of co-existing conditions in T1D population, some of which had DS |
| Schmidt et al [36] | 2012 | Germany and Austria (DPV) | 141 | 8.32 ± 4.2 | Several genetic syndromes associated with T1D, islet autoantibodies were positive in DS, Turner syndrome and Friedreich ataxia |
| Aitken et al [24] | 2013 | U.K. | 136 | Age at onset is lower in DSD and biphasic, all diagnosed under 2 were GADA positive, co-occurring multiple autoimmunity | |
| Taggart et al [37] | 2013 | Northern Ireland | 42 | T1D in intellectual disability more prevalent in DS and autism spectrum disorder | |
| Aversa et al [38] | 2016 | Italy | 7 | Co-occurring multiple autoimmunity with autoimmune thyroid diseases, association with DS | |
| Abdulrazzaq et al [39] | 2018 | U.A.E | 4 | Co-occurring multiple autoimmunity in DS, positive islet, thyroid and celiac autoantibody profiles, celiac is less prevalent than T1D and thyroid | |
| Johnson et al [26] | 2019 | U.K. and U.S. | 13 | Neonatal | DS is a cause of autoimmune neonatal diabetes, but it is not associated with T1D polygenic risk |