Table 1.

Monitoring of a pediatric patient with COVID-19 at risk for AKI

1	Assess volume status daily on clinical examination and non-invasive hemodynamic assessment by Doppler ultrasound or echocardiography
2	Individualize fluid balance targets in order to target children's optimal volume status if they present with volume depletion or avoid fluid overload in excess of 10%. Fluid overload can lead to worsening of the patient's respiratory status
3	Measure serum urea, creatinine, and electrolytes at admission and then 24−48 hourly
4	Monitor urine output
5	Review medications daily and withhold the ones that may increase the risk of AKI. In particular, refer to NINJA methodology and nephrotoxic list [28]

COVID-19, novel coronavirus disease; AKI, acute kidney injury.